骨灰级菜鸟,表示路过
看到10月16日参加10周年聚会的不少朋友,在论坛上或空间里都发表了参会感言了,自己实在觉得惭愧,那天聚会的内容,其实都往我心里去了,感想也挺多的,但说不出来。
我感觉自己其实在论坛上注册的时间也挺早的,应该也算是老会员吧,但是,工作这么多年,还是个菜鸟,说骨灰级、化石级菜鸟也不为过。本人感觉自己的性格也就适合做个菜鸟,所以平时也不努力,就一直糊里糊涂的过着。
这次10周年聚会,是我第二次参加活动了。去年 9月5日的深圳聚会,我也参加了。个人感觉,这一次聚会,比上次好多了。
看别的朋友们说的感言,都是对于几位嘉宾的话题内容的,我倒是打算来说说我在他们话题之外的感想,对于话题内容的感想太多了,说不出来。
无论是《从QC到总经理》的作者梁总,还是三星科健的刘凌风,还是大S大师,他们在上面分享时,有一个共同点。 收起阅读 »
我感觉自己其实在论坛上注册的时间也挺早的,应该也算是老会员吧,但是,工作这么多年,还是个菜鸟,说骨灰级、化石级菜鸟也不为过。本人感觉自己的性格也就适合做个菜鸟,所以平时也不努力,就一直糊里糊涂的过着。
这次10周年聚会,是我第二次参加活动了。去年 9月5日的深圳聚会,我也参加了。个人感觉,这一次聚会,比上次好多了。
看别的朋友们说的感言,都是对于几位嘉宾的话题内容的,我倒是打算来说说我在他们话题之外的感想,对于话题内容的感想太多了,说不出来。
无论是《从QC到总经理》的作者梁总,还是三星科健的刘凌风,还是大S大师,他们在上面分享时,有一个共同点。 收起阅读 »
交管、公安和质量人员:目标与任务的思考
交管部门的工作目标是保障道路畅通,保障人民生命财产安全;处理违章和进行罚款是为了达到这个目标而需要具体完成的任务。但是交管部门有些工作人员为了提高自己的收入而颠倒了目标和任务的内容,为了罚款而罚款,这根本无益于目标的实现。
破案率高并不意味着犯罪率低,公安部门的工作目标应该是保障人民群众的生命财产安全,维护安定团结的社会环境,因此不能仅仅依据破获案件数量的多少来对公安人员进行奖惩。如果抓住盗贼、小偷等罪犯就有奖金,没抓到的公安干警就一贫如洗,人民群众所企盼的平安环境是无论如何也不能实现的。
质量管理部门,有时候会领会很多指标。如:客户投诉率、开箱不良率等。但这些指标是目标吗?应该不是。是指标、是任务,不是目标。那质量管理部门的目标应该是什么? 收起阅读 »
破案率高并不意味着犯罪率低,公安部门的工作目标应该是保障人民群众的生命财产安全,维护安定团结的社会环境,因此不能仅仅依据破获案件数量的多少来对公安人员进行奖惩。如果抓住盗贼、小偷等罪犯就有奖金,没抓到的公安干警就一贫如洗,人民群众所企盼的平安环境是无论如何也不能实现的。
质量管理部门,有时候会领会很多指标。如:客户投诉率、开箱不良率等。但这些指标是目标吗?应该不是。是指标、是任务,不是目标。那质量管理部门的目标应该是什么? 收起阅读 »
作品和为人
最近《赘婿》的更新变得异常缓慢,经常连两天一更都不能满足,我昨天晚上从主页登陆到起点去查看有没有人知道缘由(我平时是用手机上的云中书城客户端)。我在评论区翻了翻,发现有一个超长的帖子,在探讨作者的人品,楼主声称作者作品一流,做人三流。这自然会在粉丝中泛起巨澜,奋笔疾书声讨楼主,欲啖之而后快。也不乏楼主的支持者,认为楼主说的是一句实话,如此怠慢读者的作者,缺乏操守。我觉得很有趣,从头看到尾,但我并没有回复,因为双方我都不支持。做为一个人来讲,写的文章,作品肯定要体现出这个人的人性,颜真卿写的字如关公坐帐,为人也是大义凛然,苏东坡的词,如衣冠大人,辛弃疾的词,如刀剑豪侠。 这些都是字如其人,文如其人的例证。我之所以双方皆不支持,不是因为作者经常断更,或者发了预告,临时又变了卦这些行为,而是如果你读过他的作品,你自然会知道,他写的小说中的主人公基本上就是一个模子里刻出来的,都属于孤芳自赏型,用一点小聪明把他人就能玩得团团转,活在自己的世界里,不管身外的变化如何。正是这种特性,才吸引了很多同样喜欢装酷,刷单的人,认为这样的人才是男人,这样的主角才给力。换句话来讲,人家根本没往眼睛里夹你,你上赶着拍个啥?对于这样的作者,我是不会给月票的,太没谱了。另一个有个性的作者,是猛子,也就是我多年来一直在看好,但其作品却越来越烂的那位。这个作者,能力不错,就是很是孤傲,霸道,他从来不在评论区回帖,也不在乎读者的意见,只是按照自己的计划一天天码下去,等到实在是码烦了就草草收尾,也不管这时收尾是否合适,反正我就是想收在这里了。这个月他将他的《大秦帝国风云录》,收尾在10月3日,之前根本就没看到收尾的迹象,也没打招呼,就收山了,不知道要坑死多少给他投了月票的粉丝。他作品中的主人公也是如此,都是大权在握,一个人和一个时代抗争,一个人和数个阶层较劲,打仗粮食不够了,可以让老百姓每天喝一碗粥,然后还要加班加点地耕作,在他心目中就只有“我的帝国!”在他的作品中有权力的争夺,没有百姓的世界,一个有如此认知的人,你如何能让在在现实中把读者的利益也当回事?因此我看猛子的作品,从来不交月票,这个主是烂尾王,部部烂尾,是不能包月的。唐骑的作者是一个热血青年,喜欢快意恩仇,快刀乱麻地解决问题,他的作品特别爷们儿,经常会出现300破7万,6千对10万,1人追千人的场面,他要月票的广告词就是“兄弟们,你的血热了吗?月票拿来吧。”其写作的也是超没规律,高兴的时候,一天几更,没激情了,个把个星期都不动笔。对不起,月票我可不敢给这样头脑发热的家伙。读了这么多小说,我不禁感叹,为什么现在意淫如此大行其道?历史小说,99%是穿越的,剩下的1%还是架空谈历史,排行榜上,总是那些和现实不着边际的玄幻小说力头筹。如果说作者写小说反映了作者的人性,那么读者和那类小说暗合,喜欢看哪类小说,是不是也反映了读者的人性哪? 收起阅读 »
第五个预言!
玛雅五大预言,已实现四个……这是真的吗??
玛雅人的5大预言1.预言了玛雅人自己的灭亡。2.预言了我们这一代人有飞机有汽车这些高科技。3.预言了我们这一代要出一个希特勒这样的人,并且预测了他的出生与死亡日期。4.预言了我们这一代人将会在第五个太阳纪终结。5.第五个预言就是2012年,世界末日。科学家也检测到2012年会有大转变。前四个预言,全都准了,只差最后一个。玛雅人说2012年12月21日的黑夜降临后,12月22日的黎明永远不会到来。首先更正一下,2012年未必是世界的末日,但届时地球很可能将进入光子带,人类将可能进入4维空间,而最终存活下来的人只有现在人口的百分之五.敬请期待吧! 相关说明:2012年12月21日的黑夜降临以后,2012年12月22日的黎明永远不会到来! 玛雅历法是世界上最准确的日历,他们很多预言也灵验了.根据玛雅历法,地球分为五个太阳纪,也就是代表五次浩劫.第一个太阳纪是洪水纪,第二个是风蛇纪,第三个是火雨纪,第四个是地震纪,第五个就是世界末日.到时,太阳消失,地球剧烈晃动,到处火山地震,狂风洪水.生物灭绝,地球彻底毁灭!玛雅历法推算的这天是3113年,也就是公历2012年12月21日!但另一种说法是:到时部分人将进入光子带! 就算这些都不可信,但天文物理学家和电脑科学家共同研究发现:在2012年,地球将发生磁极互换,也就是南极和北极的磁场发生颠倒的过程,如果到时候遇到太阳每11年的磁极互换,到时地球重力将可能发生改变,山洪地震,很多行星将撞击地球,地球毁灭~6500万年前的恐龙就是在这种情况下灭绝的!但美国宇航局表示出现这种情况的概率非常小.就算地球不会毁灭,但在2012年地球会发生重大变化,这是肯定的!很多语言学家和藏僧也预言2012年是很特殊的一年!
收起阅读 »
玛雅人的5大预言1.预言了玛雅人自己的灭亡。2.预言了我们这一代人有飞机有汽车这些高科技。3.预言了我们这一代要出一个希特勒这样的人,并且预测了他的出生与死亡日期。4.预言了我们这一代人将会在第五个太阳纪终结。5.第五个预言就是2012年,世界末日。科学家也检测到2012年会有大转变。前四个预言,全都准了,只差最后一个。玛雅人说2012年12月21日的黑夜降临后,12月22日的黎明永远不会到来。首先更正一下,2012年未必是世界的末日,但届时地球很可能将进入光子带,人类将可能进入4维空间,而最终存活下来的人只有现在人口的百分之五.敬请期待吧! 相关说明:2012年12月21日的黑夜降临以后,2012年12月22日的黎明永远不会到来! 玛雅历法是世界上最准确的日历,他们很多预言也灵验了.根据玛雅历法,地球分为五个太阳纪,也就是代表五次浩劫.第一个太阳纪是洪水纪,第二个是风蛇纪,第三个是火雨纪,第四个是地震纪,第五个就是世界末日.到时,太阳消失,地球剧烈晃动,到处火山地震,狂风洪水.生物灭绝,地球彻底毁灭!玛雅历法推算的这天是3113年,也就是公历2012年12月21日!但另一种说法是:到时部分人将进入光子带! 就算这些都不可信,但天文物理学家和电脑科学家共同研究发现:在2012年,地球将发生磁极互换,也就是南极和北极的磁场发生颠倒的过程,如果到时候遇到太阳每11年的磁极互换,到时地球重力将可能发生改变,山洪地震,很多行星将撞击地球,地球毁灭~6500万年前的恐龙就是在这种情况下灭绝的!但美国宇航局表示出现这种情况的概率非常小.就算地球不会毁灭,但在2012年地球会发生重大变化,这是肯定的!很多语言学家和藏僧也预言2012年是很特殊的一年!
收起阅读 »
迷茫中
如果本来你在公司一直坐质量主管的工作,包括来料,过程,出厂,客诉,供方管理,计量器具,体系等等,公司新招了质量经理,于是自己被架空,老板反过来说自己工作量少,对自己抱怨,如果是你,你会怎么样做?
參加6SQ 10周年慶有感
昨日,參加了6SQ 十周年慶典活動,我最大的收獲是結識了很多優秀的同行,長了見識,學到了質量人應有的堅持和原則。慶幸自己,認識並選擇了這麼好一個平台,能與一些優秀的人共同學習成長,記得在去之前,還糾結了好一陣,要不要去?去了會不會有收穫?6SQ有沒有那麼好?且活動地點離我真有點遠,又沒有伴,思前想後,最後還是決定去了,付出總會有回報的!我深信,現在回想,要是當初沒去,真的要後悔死,呵呵!!
溫故一下,活動上的精彩內容和收穫:
一、做自己感興趣的事,堅持不懈付出!(站長 龍天的創業歷程 告訴我們:成功=興趣+堅持+付出 (成功源於興趣的驅動,關注自身的特長/興趣/天賦,好好運用它們)
二、折騰,折騰才能進步、發展。昨天台上說這話的前輩,忘了您的名字,抱歉呀。個人非常認同。
三、質量人的處事態度:外方內圓。“方”代表做事要有自己的原則,底線;“圓”非圓滑,而是處事應圓融,會變通。昨天同桌的土豆,在台上用自己的穿衣搭配作比,呵呵,非常形象,讓人印象深刻啊。pS:他是非常優秀,活潑的一位男生喔。
四、要規劃自己的職業生涯,持續不斷學習,將眼光放長遠。這是一位專業資深人力資源管理師及培訓師--小狐的分享,向你學習,
五、與老板的心態保持一致,將執行力放在第1位. (晨募)
六、做事要有"戰術"(袁春)
七、HONK理念:學習別人!超越別人!創新!先體驗再思考後改變;TPM:設備保全之全員生產維護及任何困難都“SAY YDAS” 的做事態度。(三星科健)
八、透過STEAVEN對質量(一組固有特性滿足要求的程度)的解析,了解了“固有”的重要性,只要找到事物的固有特性,然後運用DOE分析,任何困難都能迎刃而解!!神奇的事,運用到生活中兩性相處上,同樣適用,還能提高生活質量了,太有才了。(PS:STEAVEN幽默風趣、寓樂於教的培訓風格,大愛耶!!)
以上,為昨天我個人的一些收獲,其實還有很多,就不一一細數了,相信
參加了活動的朋友一定都有同感吧。在這裏感謝6SQ,感謝龍天,衷心祝願6SQ越辦越好!! 收起阅读 »
中国经济管理大学【MBA课堂】《宏观经济学原理》Chapter 1
中国经济管理大学MBA课堂《宏观经济学原理》Chapter 1: The Scope and Method of Economics
Outline of Text MaterialI. IntroductionHere the authors try to make students aware of how economics relates to their everyday lives. They discuss the interactions between the United States and other countries and compare the United States to other countries. The section concludes with a definition of economics that emphasizes the two fundamental economic problems: scarcity and choice.??? TEACHING TIP: The opening example is a good spot to introduce the subject of globalization. Ask your students what “Made in the U.S.” means. Many will respond that the good has to be manufactured in the United States. Raise the issue of where the parts were made. Quite a few goods that carry the “Made in the U.S.” label are actually assembled in the United States with the components manufactured in other countries. Then move on to a discussion of what it would mean for the United States or any developed economy to consume only what we make. The general answer is higher prices and fewer choices for consumers, but try to get the students to focus on specific goods (bananas and BMWs are two that are easy to understand). ?187 \f "Wingdings 2"?? TEACHING TIP: To help break first-day tensions, try getting your students involved from the start. Ask them to volunteer why they are taking the course. You will get a variety of answers, from the serious (“To understand the world,” “To help me get a good job when I graduate,” “I’m thinking about becoming an economics major”) to the humorous (“My father made me,” “Intro Politics was full”). Some of these answers can prompt further questions: Why might learning economics help you get a job? Why do you think your father wanted you to take this course? The answers can help acquaint the rest of the class with the breadth and practicality of economics.???? TEACHING TIP: Try to get the class thinking in terms of substitutes. Ask them to think about substitutes for water. Most will say there are no substitutes for water. (A few will say beer or wine, but point out that these start as water so they don’t count.) Things that can be used in place of water include plastic bottles of water placed in a toilet tank (reduces volume per flush); shorter showers; and brown lawns. Then point out that if there are substitutes for something as basic as water there almost certainly are substitutes for just about every other economic good. (Wants exceed quantity available for any economic good.)?
II. Why Study Economics?There are four main reasons to study economics:A. To Learn a Way of Thinking ??? TEACHING TIP: Point out to students that economists use common everyday words to mean very specific concepts. The word cost is one example. How is the word used in everyday language? Economists use the word to mean opportunity cost, the cost of choosing one alternative over another. Another example is efficiency. People generally use efficiency to describe any process that’s accomplished with skill and dexterity. Economists mean producing the most output possible from given quantities of resources.?Also described as a way to make decisions, this way of thinking can be described by three fundamental concepts:1. Opportunity Cost: Every decision means giving up something. Economists are fond of trade-offs as a way of thinking about decision making. Taking one action usually means giving up something else. As the text states, “The full cost of making a specific choice includes [the value of] what we give up by not making the alternative choice.” Opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative we forgo when we make a choice. Opportunity costs arise because resources are scarce. Resources are scarce because human wants exceed what we can produce from our current resources.??? TEACHING TIP: Use the following exercise to quickly get across several points concerning opportunity costs. Ask students to think about what they would be doing if they were not in class. (Don’t let them think about this too long or you may find yourself facing an empty classroom!) Make a list of the many suggestions you will receive. (Go back to sleep, sunbathe, read a book.) Answers will vary because tastes vary. Then ask each student to think about the value of that alternative. That value is the opportunity cost of attending class. (Clearly the benefits of attending your class always outweigh the cost!) Point out that measuring opportunity cost is subjective and depends on the perspective of the person making the choice. Conclude by noting that each student cannot have the whole list. Opportunity cost is not the value of all the alternatives forgone. It is the value of the lone second best alternative.???? TEACHING TIP: One example in the text lends itself to further discussion. A firm purchases a piece of equipment for $3,000. Is the opportunity cost of this decision really the interest that could have been earned in a savings account? Get the class to discuss the alternatives available to the firm. Use a computer as a specific example. There might be many alternatives including upgrading the existing computers. The opportunity cost of buying a new computer is the value of whatever alternative is viewed as second-best.6 \f "Wingdings 2" TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Have students discuss the costs of attending college. Most will usually name the explicit costs of tuition, books, etc. Some may note the implicit cost of not working full time. Explore the idea that cost is not always an explicit payment but also a loss. Have students consider what full-time jobs they might have if they were not in college. Make sure the students understand that opportunity costs are real costs. If they had not chosen to attend college, the opportunity cost would have been their net economic gain or loss.?2. Marginalism and Sunk Costs: “Marginal” means a small change. The text uses marginal cost, the cost of increasing production by one unit. This can be illustrated by putting added miles on a car; the change in the odometer reading is the marginal mileage. Sunk costs are costs that cannot be avoided because they have already been incurred.187 \f "Wingdings 2"?? TEACHING TIP: To drive home the importance of marginal analysis, one example can come from the testing requirements you’ve outlined on your syllabus. Ask students to look into the future and imagine they’ve taken three exams and their average is a 78, say two points from a B. Given that their goal is to earn a B, the relevant grade is their grade on the final (fourth) exam; that is, the relevant grade is the marginal grade. At the end of semester, they have no control over what they earned on the first three exams (a sunk cost at this juncture), but they do have some control over their final exam grade.? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Have students investigate the cost of having resumes printed. They will discover that the price does not double when the quantity does. Why not? Have them relate this to making up flyers to advertise a club or team event. What is the difference between printing 100 or 200? Many will understand that much of the cost is in the initial design, etc. Use this to illustrate sunk costs, costs that have already been incurred, as opposed to marginal costs.0 \f "Wingdings 2" TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The text uses the example of an airline with empty seats. Another example that works well is a hotel with vacant rooms. If someone arrives at 10 p.m. and wants a room, what should they be charged? Students will often refer to the “rack rate.” Point out that a hotel room is very perishable. A room that is empty one night can’t be rented twice the following night. Therefore, the hotel manager should accept any offer that exceeds marginal cost. Marginal costs include cleaning, laundry, and a little bit of power to run the television.?3. Efficient Markets—No Free Lunch: Efficient Markets are markets in which profit opportunities are eliminated rapidly by the actions of those seeking the profits. Use the text’s example of checkout lines at a grocery store to make the point that it is the people seeking the shortest line (express lines not included!) whose actions result in all the lines being of about the same length.??? TEACHING TIP: This is a good point to introduce the economics of information. One of the main factors that causes profit opportunities to persist is slow dissemination of information. Use the example from the text to illustrate the other extreme. If a stockbroker calls with a hot tip, what should you do? The answer in the text—nothing—is correct. Expand on this answer to point out that a phone call is way, way too late. By the time you get the phone call the information has already been disseminated via the Internet and other electronic trading networks. The current price of the stock will already reflect the information, eliminating any chance you might have to earn a profit.?B. To Understand Society: Economic decisions shape the physical environment and influence the character of society. The text cites the examples of the Industrial Revolution and the e-revolution. TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Near the top of the “dot-com” stock market bubble Milton Friedman said he was absolutely sure some dot-com companies would be successful and worth their current valuations, but he was also quite certain he didn’t know which. Ask the class to discuss the impact of the stock market bubble on consumer spending and consumer behavior generally. This is a good time to introduce the differences between income and wealth. You might also point out that the fraction of income spent on consumption is much, much larger than the fraction of wealth that is spent.??? TEACHING TIP: Demonstrate to students that economics is relevant. Bring in the front page from that morning’s newspaper (not the business page), and hold it up to the class. Briefly state how economics can shed light on each of the six or so stories on the front page. This will be easy to do for stories about national health policy, budget deficits, and inflation. But with a little imagination (and good class participation!), you can show how economics relates to virtually any news story. (A cocaine bust? Economics explains why cocaine costs so much and why selling it can be such a lucrative activity for lawbreakers. A war in a faraway region of the world? Economics can help us understand the origins of the conflict, as well as the true cost—the opportunity cost—of a possible U.S. military intervention.)?C. To Understand Global Affairs: No one can understand how countries interact without knowing something about economics. Differences in the levels of material well-being between countries are also better understood using the tools of economics.??? TEACHING TIP: Again, using a newspaper (even a local paper!), demonstrate to students that economics helps in understanding international issues. Can students discern the local impacts of international issues?? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The countries that are members of the European Economic Union (EU) are not identical to the countries that are members of the European Currency Union (ECU). Ask students why a country (e.g., the United Kingdom) might belong to the EU while rejecting membership in the ECU.?D. To Be an Informed Voter: Many political issues put before citizens for a vote embody economic issues.??? TEACHING TIP: Using the newspaper again, point out that the future of society depends on informed voters. The newspaper merely reports what has happened. An understanding of economics is vital for understanding why things happen and can enable us to make better decisions in solving important social problems. List some of those problems and indicate where they may be covered in more detail later in your course (or other courses).? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: From 1998 to 2001 the U.S. government ran a budget surplus. Since then the government has run a budget deficit. Republicans blame the state of the economy and spending increases (e.g., the war on terrorism) while Democrats blame tax cuts. Who is correct? This is a good place to introduce the idea that the size of the deficit depends on the state of the economy. This is also a good spot to mention the difference between the surplus or deficit and the debt.¾f "Wingdings 2"III. The Scope of EconomicsA. Microeconomics And Macroeconomics: There is both breadth and depth to the field of economics. Students can begin to get a sense of that by considering the two major divisions of economics. However, mention that many economists feel that a good understanding of microeconomics is essential to really learning macroeconomics. Microeconomics studies how individuals and firms make decisions. Macroeconomics studies the behavior of an entire economy.B. The Diverse Fields of Economics: The text lists some fields of specialty in economics (analogous to specialties in medicine).??? TEACHING TIP: Students often think of economics as a rather narrow field. Stress its applicability to the analysis of a wide range of interests and its usefulness in preparing for a variety of graduate degrees. Try discussing the “economic approach” to the pollution problem. Many students and scientists believe pollution control is strictly an issue of regulation and have never thought of the economics that cause pollution in the first place. Drawing on the analogy to medicine, explain why in the current context of managed health care even a premed student would find an economics course helpful! Students who still find the list of topics in the text uninteresting may be intrigued by sports economics (refer them to the Journal of Sports Economics) and studies of the wine industry.?IV. The Method of EconomicsA. Positive Versus Normative Economics: Positive economics studies the way the economic world works. Normative economics uses the results of those studies to make statements about the way the world should work. When economists disagree, the points they argue about are often normative points (differences of opinion and values).??? TEACHING TIP: One of the main contributions of economics to public debate is a clear distinction between positive and normative differences. This separation is often obscured in the media and some other social sciences. Using the morning newspaper, find an economic issue on which government leaders disagree (e.g., the cause of the government budget deficit). Ask students: What sort of positive disagreement might be responsible for the dispute? (There is disagreement over the appropriate size of the budget and the related size of government. This is a good chance to explore the concept of forecasts and the role of assumptions in making them.) Next, make an arbitrary positive assumption (say, about the future course of the economy). Could a normative difference still explain the policy dispute? (One side believes that government is needed to provide more services, the other believes that people should spend their own money not have it spent for them by the government.)?B. Descriptive Economics and Economic Theory: Descriptive economics compiles data and examines it. Economic theory tries to interpret the data to find cause and effect relationships.C. Theories and Models:1. A model is a formal statement of a theory.a. Variable: A measure that can change from time to time or observation to observation.b. Ockham’s Razor: Irrelevant detail should be cut away (but be sure it’s irrelevant!). Formally, Ockham’s Razor says that when there are two equally good explanations of a phenomenon, the simpler of the two should be used.2. Ceteris Paribus: Holding everything else constant. Cet. par. is used to isolate the impact of just one factor.??? TEACHING TIP: This is a good point to introduce the scientific method as used in economics. A researcher develops a model and uses it to produce a series of hypotheses. These hypotheses are then tested statistically using real-world data. A hypothesis that has passed a number of these empirical tests becomes accepted and is called a theory.??? TEACHING TIP: Here’s an interesting exercise to try. Announce a new soft drink, Mocha-Cola, that you intend to market. Which variables do students think will be important in determining the amount of Mocha-Cola that people will want to buy? You will quickly compile a long, but not exhaustive, list. This gives you an excellent excuse to introduce abbreviations. Ask in which way each variable will impact on the consumption of Mocha-Cola. Observe that a specific cause-and-effect pattern is being postulated in each case. If you choose, introduce functional notation at this point, distinguishing between dependent and independent variables, and labeling each independent variable with a positive or negative sign, according to the direction of its effect. (You can introduce the use of graphs here. See the note below under the appendix to this chapter.) Students have now unknowingly constructed a model of consumer behavior. Use this opportunity to underline the point that not all variables have been included in the model and that an all-inclusive list would be cumbersome and distract from the major elements of the model. The values of the variables that you have compiled in your list will be continually changing. Bring out the point that to isolate the effect of any one on the consumption of Mocha-Cola, the ceteris paribus assumption can be invoked. You might suggest the analogy to experiments in the natural sciences, where tightly controlled environments actually make the ceteris paribus assumption a reality.? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The text uses the example of what determines total miles driven during a time period. The factors listed are number of drivers (driving age, population growth, changes in state laws); the price of gasoline (a complement); household income; number and ages of children; commute distance; location of shopping areas; and availability and quality of public transportation. Make this more specific by using months as the measure of time. Then ask the class for some other factors that might affect average miles driven per month by a household. Two obvious factors are airfares (the price of a substitute) and special events such as September 11, 2001.?3. Expressing Models in Words, Graphs, Equations: Economists use graphs and mathematics to make it more difficult to overlook some effects. One obvious example is income and substitution effects in consumer theory.??? TEACHING TIP: Relate this to how a coach or choreographer might diagram a play or dance routine on a chalkboard to illustrate how the play or routine should work on the field or on stage.???? TEACHING TIP: Use the Mocha-Cola example developed earlier to introduce graphs. You can draw a separate graph of the number of bottles purchased versus two or three of the independent variables that influence consumption. Be sure to select at least one independent variable with a positive relationship to quantity and one with a negative relationship, saving price for last. Explain what it means to move along each of these curves, and what ceteris paribus means in each case.?4. Cautions and Pitfalls:a. Post Hoc Fallacy: Just because event B occurred after event A doesn’t mean that A caused B.??? TEACHING TIP: A few years ago I taught 8:00 a.m. classes five days a week. I got out of bed at 5:30 a.m. Every morning when I got up the sun would be rising. Obviously the act of getting out of bed caused the sun to come up. This example shows two things. First, just because two actions happen together does not mean one caused the other. A theory must be developed that explains why one might cause the other. Second, make sure you have gathered enough data. All I needed to do was include some weekend mornings to refute my hypothesis.?b. Correlation and Causation: Correlation refers to things happening together. Just because two variables move closely together doesn’t mean one causes the other. ??? TEACHING TIP: The text mentions cities with many automobiles and high crime rates. This is an example of a spurious correlation. The true underlying factor is high population density. Since both the number of automobiles and the crime rate is correlated with population density the two appear to be correlated with each other.?c. Fallacy of Composition: What is true for the individual is not true for the group and vice versa.??? TEACHING TIP: Can students find examples of these pitfalls in the model of consumer behavior they constructed for Mocha-Cola? For example, do consumers in the aggregate behave as one individual consumer might? One individual consumer may purchase on impulse, but that is not true in the aggregate. This is a good opportunity to explain what it means to aggregate.?5. Testing Theories and Models: Empirical Economics: The collection and statistical analysis of data to test economic theories is called empirical economics. Researchers look at data collected over time and across different categories or conditions (e.g., age groups, locations) and try to draw conclusions. Controlled experiments are difficult in economics (and other social sciences), but are not impossible.??? TEACHING TIP: See previous; have students develop possible experiments to test their ideas in the model of consumer behavior they constructed using the Mocha-Cola example.???? TEACHING TIP: Mention that the statistical techniques used by economists often implicitly assume each independent variable changes while the others are held constant. These statistical techniques can be used to overcome some of the problems caused by our inability to construct controlled experiments.º"Wingdings 2"D. Economic Policy: Without objectives it’s impossible to come up with policies. Economists have looked at four different criteria for judging outcomes. Using these criteria to evaluate a policy often leads to conflicting recommendations. This is especially true for the first two (efficiency and equity).1. Efficiency is used in the text to mean allocative efficiency. While there are a variety of ways to describe allocative efficiency, the definition students seem to understand best is “producing what people want at the lowest possible cost.”2. Equity means fairness. This is impossible to define universally. An allocation that seems fair to one person will be viewed by another as highly skewed.?»Wingdings 2"? TEACHING TIP: Mention the “law of unintended consequences.” The text discusses rent control. This is a good spot to point out that rent control often hurts the very people it was intended to help.º"Wingdings 2" TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Fairness is often in the eye of the beholder. My favorite exercise to provoke a discussion of fairness is to suggest a grading system for the course in which students with A’s, B+’s, and B’s at the end of the course will have points taken away from them and redistributed to those with C’s, D’s, and F’s. In the end everyone receives a C+. (There is always at least one student who says, “I’ll take it!”) Outline the issues involved. Compare this to the issues involved in income redistribution.? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Ongoing Congressional debates over tax policy provide a good platform to discuss equity. Is it fair that those with high incomes receive most of the dollars of a tax cut? Point out that these people also pay most of the taxes.?3. Growth is an increase in total output of an economy. Economists often define growth as an increase it output per capita. TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Why does Ireland have such a high rate of growth in recent years? Why has Japan’s growth rate fallen so drastically? In each case, what changed?? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The text refers to an increase in output per capita as if it automatically becomes an improvement in the standard of living. Ask the class whether they can think of circumstances in which higher output per capita would cause their standard of living to fall. They should come up with higher pollution levels, increased crowding and higher crime rates as items that reduce the standard of living but are not measured in output per capita.?4. Stability means national output is growing at a fairly constant rate from year to year. Inflation is low and the economy is near full employment of resources. TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Assess the current state of the U.S. economy. Have students collect data on growth, inflation, and unemployment.?V. An Invitation: Remember what you’ve learned in previous chapters. You’ll use this material in future chapters.Appendix: How to Read and Understand Graphs??? TEACHING TIP: You must face the unpleasant choice of either boring those who know this material or skipping the material and losing those who have forgotten it. If possible, try to hold a special half-hour section of class and invite those who feel “rusty” with graphs to come for a short review. Passing out an assignment that requires basic graphing skills will encourage those who need the review to attend. Whatever you decide, it’s usually better to include at least a brief review of graphs somewhere in the course.???? TEACHING TIP: Emphasize that the “45˚ line” is simply a graph of y = x. This is especially important in macroeconomics. 收起阅读 »
Outline of Text MaterialI. IntroductionHere the authors try to make students aware of how economics relates to their everyday lives. They discuss the interactions between the United States and other countries and compare the United States to other countries. The section concludes with a definition of economics that emphasizes the two fundamental economic problems: scarcity and choice.??? TEACHING TIP: The opening example is a good spot to introduce the subject of globalization. Ask your students what “Made in the U.S.” means. Many will respond that the good has to be manufactured in the United States. Raise the issue of where the parts were made. Quite a few goods that carry the “Made in the U.S.” label are actually assembled in the United States with the components manufactured in other countries. Then move on to a discussion of what it would mean for the United States or any developed economy to consume only what we make. The general answer is higher prices and fewer choices for consumers, but try to get the students to focus on specific goods (bananas and BMWs are two that are easy to understand). ?187 \f "Wingdings 2"?? TEACHING TIP: To help break first-day tensions, try getting your students involved from the start. Ask them to volunteer why they are taking the course. You will get a variety of answers, from the serious (“To understand the world,” “To help me get a good job when I graduate,” “I’m thinking about becoming an economics major”) to the humorous (“My father made me,” “Intro Politics was full”). Some of these answers can prompt further questions: Why might learning economics help you get a job? Why do you think your father wanted you to take this course? The answers can help acquaint the rest of the class with the breadth and practicality of economics.???? TEACHING TIP: Try to get the class thinking in terms of substitutes. Ask them to think about substitutes for water. Most will say there are no substitutes for water. (A few will say beer or wine, but point out that these start as water so they don’t count.) Things that can be used in place of water include plastic bottles of water placed in a toilet tank (reduces volume per flush); shorter showers; and brown lawns. Then point out that if there are substitutes for something as basic as water there almost certainly are substitutes for just about every other economic good. (Wants exceed quantity available for any economic good.)?
II. Why Study Economics?There are four main reasons to study economics:A. To Learn a Way of Thinking ??? TEACHING TIP: Point out to students that economists use common everyday words to mean very specific concepts. The word cost is one example. How is the word used in everyday language? Economists use the word to mean opportunity cost, the cost of choosing one alternative over another. Another example is efficiency. People generally use efficiency to describe any process that’s accomplished with skill and dexterity. Economists mean producing the most output possible from given quantities of resources.?Also described as a way to make decisions, this way of thinking can be described by three fundamental concepts:1. Opportunity Cost: Every decision means giving up something. Economists are fond of trade-offs as a way of thinking about decision making. Taking one action usually means giving up something else. As the text states, “The full cost of making a specific choice includes [the value of] what we give up by not making the alternative choice.” Opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative we forgo when we make a choice. Opportunity costs arise because resources are scarce. Resources are scarce because human wants exceed what we can produce from our current resources.??? TEACHING TIP: Use the following exercise to quickly get across several points concerning opportunity costs. Ask students to think about what they would be doing if they were not in class. (Don’t let them think about this too long or you may find yourself facing an empty classroom!) Make a list of the many suggestions you will receive. (Go back to sleep, sunbathe, read a book.) Answers will vary because tastes vary. Then ask each student to think about the value of that alternative. That value is the opportunity cost of attending class. (Clearly the benefits of attending your class always outweigh the cost!) Point out that measuring opportunity cost is subjective and depends on the perspective of the person making the choice. Conclude by noting that each student cannot have the whole list. Opportunity cost is not the value of all the alternatives forgone. It is the value of the lone second best alternative.???? TEACHING TIP: One example in the text lends itself to further discussion. A firm purchases a piece of equipment for $3,000. Is the opportunity cost of this decision really the interest that could have been earned in a savings account? Get the class to discuss the alternatives available to the firm. Use a computer as a specific example. There might be many alternatives including upgrading the existing computers. The opportunity cost of buying a new computer is the value of whatever alternative is viewed as second-best.6 \f "Wingdings 2" TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Have students discuss the costs of attending college. Most will usually name the explicit costs of tuition, books, etc. Some may note the implicit cost of not working full time. Explore the idea that cost is not always an explicit payment but also a loss. Have students consider what full-time jobs they might have if they were not in college. Make sure the students understand that opportunity costs are real costs. If they had not chosen to attend college, the opportunity cost would have been their net economic gain or loss.?2. Marginalism and Sunk Costs: “Marginal” means a small change. The text uses marginal cost, the cost of increasing production by one unit. This can be illustrated by putting added miles on a car; the change in the odometer reading is the marginal mileage. Sunk costs are costs that cannot be avoided because they have already been incurred.187 \f "Wingdings 2"?? TEACHING TIP: To drive home the importance of marginal analysis, one example can come from the testing requirements you’ve outlined on your syllabus. Ask students to look into the future and imagine they’ve taken three exams and their average is a 78, say two points from a B. Given that their goal is to earn a B, the relevant grade is their grade on the final (fourth) exam; that is, the relevant grade is the marginal grade. At the end of semester, they have no control over what they earned on the first three exams (a sunk cost at this juncture), but they do have some control over their final exam grade.? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Have students investigate the cost of having resumes printed. They will discover that the price does not double when the quantity does. Why not? Have them relate this to making up flyers to advertise a club or team event. What is the difference between printing 100 or 200? Many will understand that much of the cost is in the initial design, etc. Use this to illustrate sunk costs, costs that have already been incurred, as opposed to marginal costs.0 \f "Wingdings 2" TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The text uses the example of an airline with empty seats. Another example that works well is a hotel with vacant rooms. If someone arrives at 10 p.m. and wants a room, what should they be charged? Students will often refer to the “rack rate.” Point out that a hotel room is very perishable. A room that is empty one night can’t be rented twice the following night. Therefore, the hotel manager should accept any offer that exceeds marginal cost. Marginal costs include cleaning, laundry, and a little bit of power to run the television.?3. Efficient Markets—No Free Lunch: Efficient Markets are markets in which profit opportunities are eliminated rapidly by the actions of those seeking the profits. Use the text’s example of checkout lines at a grocery store to make the point that it is the people seeking the shortest line (express lines not included!) whose actions result in all the lines being of about the same length.??? TEACHING TIP: This is a good point to introduce the economics of information. One of the main factors that causes profit opportunities to persist is slow dissemination of information. Use the example from the text to illustrate the other extreme. If a stockbroker calls with a hot tip, what should you do? The answer in the text—nothing—is correct. Expand on this answer to point out that a phone call is way, way too late. By the time you get the phone call the information has already been disseminated via the Internet and other electronic trading networks. The current price of the stock will already reflect the information, eliminating any chance you might have to earn a profit.?B. To Understand Society: Economic decisions shape the physical environment and influence the character of society. The text cites the examples of the Industrial Revolution and the e-revolution. TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Near the top of the “dot-com” stock market bubble Milton Friedman said he was absolutely sure some dot-com companies would be successful and worth their current valuations, but he was also quite certain he didn’t know which. Ask the class to discuss the impact of the stock market bubble on consumer spending and consumer behavior generally. This is a good time to introduce the differences between income and wealth. You might also point out that the fraction of income spent on consumption is much, much larger than the fraction of wealth that is spent.??? TEACHING TIP: Demonstrate to students that economics is relevant. Bring in the front page from that morning’s newspaper (not the business page), and hold it up to the class. Briefly state how economics can shed light on each of the six or so stories on the front page. This will be easy to do for stories about national health policy, budget deficits, and inflation. But with a little imagination (and good class participation!), you can show how economics relates to virtually any news story. (A cocaine bust? Economics explains why cocaine costs so much and why selling it can be such a lucrative activity for lawbreakers. A war in a faraway region of the world? Economics can help us understand the origins of the conflict, as well as the true cost—the opportunity cost—of a possible U.S. military intervention.)?C. To Understand Global Affairs: No one can understand how countries interact without knowing something about economics. Differences in the levels of material well-being between countries are also better understood using the tools of economics.??? TEACHING TIP: Again, using a newspaper (even a local paper!), demonstrate to students that economics helps in understanding international issues. Can students discern the local impacts of international issues?? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The countries that are members of the European Economic Union (EU) are not identical to the countries that are members of the European Currency Union (ECU). Ask students why a country (e.g., the United Kingdom) might belong to the EU while rejecting membership in the ECU.?D. To Be an Informed Voter: Many political issues put before citizens for a vote embody economic issues.??? TEACHING TIP: Using the newspaper again, point out that the future of society depends on informed voters. The newspaper merely reports what has happened. An understanding of economics is vital for understanding why things happen and can enable us to make better decisions in solving important social problems. List some of those problems and indicate where they may be covered in more detail later in your course (or other courses).? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: From 1998 to 2001 the U.S. government ran a budget surplus. Since then the government has run a budget deficit. Republicans blame the state of the economy and spending increases (e.g., the war on terrorism) while Democrats blame tax cuts. Who is correct? This is a good place to introduce the idea that the size of the deficit depends on the state of the economy. This is also a good spot to mention the difference between the surplus or deficit and the debt.¾f "Wingdings 2"III. The Scope of EconomicsA. Microeconomics And Macroeconomics: There is both breadth and depth to the field of economics. Students can begin to get a sense of that by considering the two major divisions of economics. However, mention that many economists feel that a good understanding of microeconomics is essential to really learning macroeconomics. Microeconomics studies how individuals and firms make decisions. Macroeconomics studies the behavior of an entire economy.B. The Diverse Fields of Economics: The text lists some fields of specialty in economics (analogous to specialties in medicine).??? TEACHING TIP: Students often think of economics as a rather narrow field. Stress its applicability to the analysis of a wide range of interests and its usefulness in preparing for a variety of graduate degrees. Try discussing the “economic approach” to the pollution problem. Many students and scientists believe pollution control is strictly an issue of regulation and have never thought of the economics that cause pollution in the first place. Drawing on the analogy to medicine, explain why in the current context of managed health care even a premed student would find an economics course helpful! Students who still find the list of topics in the text uninteresting may be intrigued by sports economics (refer them to the Journal of Sports Economics) and studies of the wine industry.?IV. The Method of EconomicsA. Positive Versus Normative Economics: Positive economics studies the way the economic world works. Normative economics uses the results of those studies to make statements about the way the world should work. When economists disagree, the points they argue about are often normative points (differences of opinion and values).??? TEACHING TIP: One of the main contributions of economics to public debate is a clear distinction between positive and normative differences. This separation is often obscured in the media and some other social sciences. Using the morning newspaper, find an economic issue on which government leaders disagree (e.g., the cause of the government budget deficit). Ask students: What sort of positive disagreement might be responsible for the dispute? (There is disagreement over the appropriate size of the budget and the related size of government. This is a good chance to explore the concept of forecasts and the role of assumptions in making them.) Next, make an arbitrary positive assumption (say, about the future course of the economy). Could a normative difference still explain the policy dispute? (One side believes that government is needed to provide more services, the other believes that people should spend their own money not have it spent for them by the government.)?B. Descriptive Economics and Economic Theory: Descriptive economics compiles data and examines it. Economic theory tries to interpret the data to find cause and effect relationships.C. Theories and Models:1. A model is a formal statement of a theory.a. Variable: A measure that can change from time to time or observation to observation.b. Ockham’s Razor: Irrelevant detail should be cut away (but be sure it’s irrelevant!). Formally, Ockham’s Razor says that when there are two equally good explanations of a phenomenon, the simpler of the two should be used.2. Ceteris Paribus: Holding everything else constant. Cet. par. is used to isolate the impact of just one factor.??? TEACHING TIP: This is a good point to introduce the scientific method as used in economics. A researcher develops a model and uses it to produce a series of hypotheses. These hypotheses are then tested statistically using real-world data. A hypothesis that has passed a number of these empirical tests becomes accepted and is called a theory.??? TEACHING TIP: Here’s an interesting exercise to try. Announce a new soft drink, Mocha-Cola, that you intend to market. Which variables do students think will be important in determining the amount of Mocha-Cola that people will want to buy? You will quickly compile a long, but not exhaustive, list. This gives you an excellent excuse to introduce abbreviations. Ask in which way each variable will impact on the consumption of Mocha-Cola. Observe that a specific cause-and-effect pattern is being postulated in each case. If you choose, introduce functional notation at this point, distinguishing between dependent and independent variables, and labeling each independent variable with a positive or negative sign, according to the direction of its effect. (You can introduce the use of graphs here. See the note below under the appendix to this chapter.) Students have now unknowingly constructed a model of consumer behavior. Use this opportunity to underline the point that not all variables have been included in the model and that an all-inclusive list would be cumbersome and distract from the major elements of the model. The values of the variables that you have compiled in your list will be continually changing. Bring out the point that to isolate the effect of any one on the consumption of Mocha-Cola, the ceteris paribus assumption can be invoked. You might suggest the analogy to experiments in the natural sciences, where tightly controlled environments actually make the ceteris paribus assumption a reality.? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The text uses the example of what determines total miles driven during a time period. The factors listed are number of drivers (driving age, population growth, changes in state laws); the price of gasoline (a complement); household income; number and ages of children; commute distance; location of shopping areas; and availability and quality of public transportation. Make this more specific by using months as the measure of time. Then ask the class for some other factors that might affect average miles driven per month by a household. Two obvious factors are airfares (the price of a substitute) and special events such as September 11, 2001.?3. Expressing Models in Words, Graphs, Equations: Economists use graphs and mathematics to make it more difficult to overlook some effects. One obvious example is income and substitution effects in consumer theory.??? TEACHING TIP: Relate this to how a coach or choreographer might diagram a play or dance routine on a chalkboard to illustrate how the play or routine should work on the field or on stage.???? TEACHING TIP: Use the Mocha-Cola example developed earlier to introduce graphs. You can draw a separate graph of the number of bottles purchased versus two or three of the independent variables that influence consumption. Be sure to select at least one independent variable with a positive relationship to quantity and one with a negative relationship, saving price for last. Explain what it means to move along each of these curves, and what ceteris paribus means in each case.?4. Cautions and Pitfalls:a. Post Hoc Fallacy: Just because event B occurred after event A doesn’t mean that A caused B.??? TEACHING TIP: A few years ago I taught 8:00 a.m. classes five days a week. I got out of bed at 5:30 a.m. Every morning when I got up the sun would be rising. Obviously the act of getting out of bed caused the sun to come up. This example shows two things. First, just because two actions happen together does not mean one caused the other. A theory must be developed that explains why one might cause the other. Second, make sure you have gathered enough data. All I needed to do was include some weekend mornings to refute my hypothesis.?b. Correlation and Causation: Correlation refers to things happening together. Just because two variables move closely together doesn’t mean one causes the other. ??? TEACHING TIP: The text mentions cities with many automobiles and high crime rates. This is an example of a spurious correlation. The true underlying factor is high population density. Since both the number of automobiles and the crime rate is correlated with population density the two appear to be correlated with each other.?c. Fallacy of Composition: What is true for the individual is not true for the group and vice versa.??? TEACHING TIP: Can students find examples of these pitfalls in the model of consumer behavior they constructed for Mocha-Cola? For example, do consumers in the aggregate behave as one individual consumer might? One individual consumer may purchase on impulse, but that is not true in the aggregate. This is a good opportunity to explain what it means to aggregate.?5. Testing Theories and Models: Empirical Economics: The collection and statistical analysis of data to test economic theories is called empirical economics. Researchers look at data collected over time and across different categories or conditions (e.g., age groups, locations) and try to draw conclusions. Controlled experiments are difficult in economics (and other social sciences), but are not impossible.??? TEACHING TIP: See previous; have students develop possible experiments to test their ideas in the model of consumer behavior they constructed using the Mocha-Cola example.???? TEACHING TIP: Mention that the statistical techniques used by economists often implicitly assume each independent variable changes while the others are held constant. These statistical techniques can be used to overcome some of the problems caused by our inability to construct controlled experiments.º"Wingdings 2"D. Economic Policy: Without objectives it’s impossible to come up with policies. Economists have looked at four different criteria for judging outcomes. Using these criteria to evaluate a policy often leads to conflicting recommendations. This is especially true for the first two (efficiency and equity).1. Efficiency is used in the text to mean allocative efficiency. While there are a variety of ways to describe allocative efficiency, the definition students seem to understand best is “producing what people want at the lowest possible cost.”2. Equity means fairness. This is impossible to define universally. An allocation that seems fair to one person will be viewed by another as highly skewed.?»Wingdings 2"? TEACHING TIP: Mention the “law of unintended consequences.” The text discusses rent control. This is a good spot to point out that rent control often hurts the very people it was intended to help.º"Wingdings 2" TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Fairness is often in the eye of the beholder. My favorite exercise to provoke a discussion of fairness is to suggest a grading system for the course in which students with A’s, B+’s, and B’s at the end of the course will have points taken away from them and redistributed to those with C’s, D’s, and F’s. In the end everyone receives a C+. (There is always at least one student who says, “I’ll take it!”) Outline the issues involved. Compare this to the issues involved in income redistribution.? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Ongoing Congressional debates over tax policy provide a good platform to discuss equity. Is it fair that those with high incomes receive most of the dollars of a tax cut? Point out that these people also pay most of the taxes.?3. Growth is an increase in total output of an economy. Economists often define growth as an increase it output per capita. TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Why does Ireland have such a high rate of growth in recent years? Why has Japan’s growth rate fallen so drastically? In each case, what changed?? TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: The text refers to an increase in output per capita as if it automatically becomes an improvement in the standard of living. Ask the class whether they can think of circumstances in which higher output per capita would cause their standard of living to fall. They should come up with higher pollution levels, increased crowding and higher crime rates as items that reduce the standard of living but are not measured in output per capita.?4. Stability means national output is growing at a fairly constant rate from year to year. Inflation is low and the economy is near full employment of resources. TOPIC FOR CLASS DISCUSSION: Assess the current state of the U.S. economy. Have students collect data on growth, inflation, and unemployment.?V. An Invitation: Remember what you’ve learned in previous chapters. You’ll use this material in future chapters.Appendix: How to Read and Understand Graphs??? TEACHING TIP: You must face the unpleasant choice of either boring those who know this material or skipping the material and losing those who have forgotten it. If possible, try to hold a special half-hour section of class and invite those who feel “rusty” with graphs to come for a short review. Passing out an assignment that requires basic graphing skills will encourage those who need the review to attend. Whatever you decide, it’s usually better to include at least a brief review of graphs somewhere in the course.???? TEACHING TIP: Emphasize that the “45˚ line” is simply a graph of y = x. This is especially important in macroeconomics. 收起阅读 »
今天又一个新变化
开会时,意外得到一个令人震惊的消息。连铸也要停。今年的冬天真是冷呀。
拒绝“三不”
拒绝“三不”
不知不觉已经在质量管理的路上走了五个年头了,经历了酸甜苦辣,但到头来回想起来,自己别的没有学会,倒是学会了:不主动,不拒绝,不负责
刚刚从校园走出的年轻人,通常都充满了激情,满心的热情和开放的心态。对待新事物强烈的好奇心和虚心接受的能力。对待什么事情都会主动的冲上前去,并且希望自己能够有所作为和出人头地。而就在遭遇了一个又一个五花八门的公司之后,曾经的海誓山盟,曾经的天荒地老,曾经的伟大梦想,都已经被抛之脑后,剩下的就是一个老油条,彻彻底底的老油条。不主动的做自己该做的事情,凡是都需要别人提醒,不到最后一刻绝不动手,不到扣工资的地部绝不积极。来到我现在的公司的时候,当时的经理曾经跟我说过一句:来到这个公司,不要融入这个公司,而是要试图改变它。
工作历程中,何尝不是品质的PDCA过程,不断的计划、实施、修正自己的目标,检验。而我们往往在D的实施过程中,迷失了自我,没有修正自己的目标甚至已经忘记了自己的目标到底是什么。主动何尝不是一个基础,没有主动,就没有行动,更不要提修正自己的目标了。
众所周知,品质的三不原则:不接受不良品,不制造不良品,不流出不良品。而现在的我,已经不再拒绝不良品的诱惑,如同官员们不再拒绝金钱和美女的诱惑一样。业务的对不良品的容忍放行,以及强硬的出货态度,迫使大多数的质量人员都就范了。有人说,领导就是妥协。可我不是领导,我是一个小小的工程师而已。品质人员应该有起码的职业操守,对待不良品有坚决的态度,只有这样,中国制造的质量才能不断变的优秀甚至是卓越。
我想在私企待惯了的人都会有感觉,在很多时候,私企里面的责任划分不清晰。其实,从根本上,他的每个人的职责都没有很好的进行定义,从而在遇到客诉、以及涉及范围很大的不良的时候,没有一个很好的问责机制。我的经理曾经给我们开会讲了个他生活中的故事。这个故事生动的表现了责任在生活中甚至工作中的极大的作用。
他在给孩子喂奶的时候,孩子等不及把奶凉下来就想喝,就在那里一直哭闹。而他作为父亲肯定也想赶快把奶喂给孩子,又苦于奶很难快速凉下来(当然了,也有其他方法让奶快速凉下来,比如,把奶瓶放在凉水里快速镇一下)。但是,又要让孩子知道奶现在很热,会烫到孩子自己的。所以,他用了一个方法,就是用奶瓶壁快速轻轻的碰了一下孩子的小手,孩子快速的收回自己的手,而就在这时,孩子也停止了哭闹。从此以后,在给孩子热奶的时候,孩子再也不哭闹着着急了,因为他知道,如果哭闹的话,就会疼的(孩子估计不会知道奶是热的,还理解不到这些)。
只有当有了责任,人们在犯了错误的时候,才会受到惩罚,也就会下次不再犯错误。如果没有了这些责任的约束,人们就会肆无忌惮的浪费,甚至故意损坏。前几天,公司在10月7号就发生了一件很让人难过与心疼的事情。生产在扣上壳的时候,发现上壳卡扣会大量断裂,而他们没有及时通报领导,只是一味的做下去,一味的损坏下去。导致最后,2400pcs的料件,做出良品800pcs,报废了1600pcs上壳。当班的组长如果尽职尽责一些,早些通报,发现大量不良后,立刻停止作业,就至少可以减少大量的损耗,无辜的报废。
要做好一名称职的质量工程师,一定不能不主动,不拒绝,不负责。也只有主动、积极、负责人的工程师才有可能成为称职的工程师。
投稿人:张伟 6sq账号:vnetter qq:122374528 邮箱:zhw831222@163.com 收起阅读 »
质量学习之游荡
今日,一直在6SQ游荡,闲逛之余也在学习,呵呵,竟是学到很多。
有目的的游荡,是有意义的。
有目的的游荡,是有意义的。
国防科大校长对浙大郑强教授说:你大声讲,解放军保护你!!
浙江大学教授郑强的演讲被127次掌声打断(强烈推荐所有的人观看) 他对现今教育的批判:摧残式的教育和掠夺式的启发,不仅没有培养学生的勤劳、勇敢、善良、坚韧,却培养出了学生的投机。 他对自己的学生说:同学们,我看到你们很高兴,但是,你们在精神上已经残废 了。 他对中国男足的评价:教练怎么换也不行,中国男足绝对不缺钙啊。 他对小学、中学教师的批判:中小学的教育特别摧残中国男孩的自尊心和责任感。 他对现今教师的批判:学生已经成为现在老师的陌生手段,老师不在搞教育了,办补习班、搞奥林匹克竞赛,她们已经把这些作为她们头上的光环,去谋取利益的手段,牺牲的是我们的孩子。 他对中国获得诺贝尔奖的评价:我们得了是投机的,我们不得是正常的。 厦门大学对郑强演讲的评价: 这是厦大20年来最轰动的演讲。 国防科技大学校长对郑强说: 你大声的讲,解放军保护你! 郑强看问题有深度,并且敢说出人家不敢说的话,一开讲就会成为焦点,特此摘录郑强语录,与大家共享。 (1)只有中国女性才以男性的身高来判断他其他的能力,注重婚姻的根本就是传宗接代,身体素质好又道德修养足矣,高大的身材、帅气的脸蛋不代表他的身体好,高学历不代表他有到的修养。男人的一个肩膀是道德,另一个肩膀是本事,一个男人两肩有了道德(对情感的忠贞)和本事,不怕没有女人。 (2)日本幼儿园的小朋友寒冬赤膊锻炼,他们即使有哭闹的,家长会拿着相机前面叫喊着鼓励他们。我们放学前,家长接孩子的车乱停放。新生报道的时候,随行6人团,爷爷奶奶、外公外婆、爸爸妈妈。民族不败,只跟与青年、少年的精神比,我们开始就输掉了精神。 (3)学会做人,最重要的是要有民族文化的根基。民族文化是我们民族精神的根基,民组语言是我们民族文化的核心。我们不能成为文化和精神的孤魂野鬼。 (4)我们漠视历史的价值,总以为楼宇越新越好,但你到法国市中心看看,几乎没有什么新建筑,他们以历史积淀为自豪,而我们以不断地拆楼建楼来折腾自己。 (5)教育的本职不是谋生,而是唤起兴趣,鼓舞精神。靠教育来谋生和发达也是可以的,却被我们过度重视了。 (6)日本人宁愿喜欢黑人,也不喜欢我们,因为现在的中国人没有了精神。 (7)学校有些女生不自重,我们的女生见到垃圾一般的外国男人都要讨好。 (8)大家都在嘲笑俄罗斯,但我知道俄罗斯将来一定会发达,因为那里的人2天没吃饭了饿着肚子还排队,而我们有2个人也要挤的不可开交。 (9)日本人侵犯我们,因为我们出了很多汉奸。将来日本人侵犯我们,还会不会有汉奸?谁将是未来中国的汉奸?在座的诸位很大一部分都将是。因为你们嘲笑爱国者,崇拜权势和金钱,鄙夷理想和志气。 (10)谁现在就是汉奸?北大清华的学生,因为用他们学习的知识帮外国人开拓市场,打败我们中国的企业。 (11)将来中国即使发达了,但你看看那些开着豪华车的富翁们从车窗外向外吐痰、扔垃圾。你就知道,如果没有教育,中国再富裕也不会强大。 (12)读书是为了承担责任。但现在的教育让女人承担了太多责任,让男人逃避了太多责任。人类历史,实际就是一连串冲动。所以大家不要鄙视冲动,因为冲动都是可爱地。 (13)中国的篮球不缺乏技术,不缺乏金钱,但他们缺乏责任感,哪怕是对消费者的责任感。 (14)未来20年,中国人崇拜的将是知识而不是官员。这一点我们应该向日本学习,这个民族对知识的尊重,无以复加。但现在在中国有点钱的人,有点小权的人--哪怕是个科长,也可以照样把大学教授弄得没有尊严。这种貌似聪明的聪明,洋洋自得的市侩,是多么肤浅啊。 (15)一个男人,只可以给自己的父母和妻子下跪,只可以对自己的老师鞠躬,绝对不应当对权贵与金钱低头。但如今,大多数人正好反了。 (16)日本人为什么不道歉,日本总统为什么不谢罪?因为他们知道,日本人的尊严和历史最重要,相反其它亚洲的不满太没有分量,所以他们可以置之不理。 (17)教育应该让中国懂得自尊。但是现在我们看到外国人就低头,女生看到外国垃圾一般的男人都想讨好。同志们,在外国人面前我们多么地没有尊严。在留学的日本东京大学的人当中,我是唯一回来的,但日本人反而敬重我,因为我活得有灵魂,活得有骨气。 “在中国这个发展中国家,你能建10所世界一流大学,那美国有多少所?日本有多少所?现在的实际状况是:世界上前200所大学,中国一所都排不进!在亚洲能排出几所?我到国外去看了以后,感到要将浙大建成世界一流大学就像共产主义理想.” “以前说“无知无畏”,现在却是“无知才无畏”,许多企业把浙江省技术监督局、科委的人请来吃一顿饭,喝一点酒,他就给你签个字,再把我们这些教授胁迫到那里去,给你盖个章,然后就是“填补国内外空白“、“国际先进水平“,写论文则是“国际领先水平的研究成果”、“首次科学发现”等等,这都是目前非常严重的问题!作为一个大学教授,我深深地为此担忧!这不是我们的责任,是我们的领导无知,是他们倡导了这个主流.我知道在座的处长或老总日子很难过,因为你们不写这样的报表,就拿不到钱,项目就得不到批准.教授也同样如此,天天写报告,而不是在实验室静下心来好好搞研究,这是很严重的!” “我们国家的现实和发展就是这样:凡是依赖不成的,我们自己都能搞得像模像样,比如二弹一星;凡是能够引进的,就都搞不成.......现在很多合资企业就这样,卖点东西,而没有去考虑这些深层次的东西.殊不知,这就是社会的恶性循环!” “我认为:语言、计算机就是工具.中国的外语教授讲英语还不如美国卖菜的农民!怎么看待这个问题?日本博士、德国教授说不出英语的多得是!我们怎么能说一个人不会说英语就是文盲呢?语言就是一个工具!你没有那个环境,他怎么能讲这个语言呢?......如果我是教育部长,我要改革二件事: 第一,取消六级考试,你一个研究生连中文一级都不及格,你英文考六级干什么呢?看看研究生写得论文,自己的民族文化都没有学好,天天考英语──打勾:托福打勾,GRE打勾,英文考出很高的分,可哪个写的英文论文在我面前过得了关呢?过不了关!这样培养出来的人能干什么?自己搞的专业一点都没学好!......说不会计算机就是文盲,这又是一个误区!我现在是教授,我顾不上搞计算机!” “你看我,从高中开始学英语,大学学,硕士学,博士学,花了我多少精力!你说中国人怎么做得出高科技的研究成果?我这几天就教训我手下的几位女学生,问她们在干什么,看不到人影,一天到晚考这样、考那样的,到美国去干什么?在国内要干的事多着呢!你整天考英语,美国人连报个名都要收你们的钱,日本人也是如此,中国学生到日本去要交手续费,到日本留学是为日本人打工,好不容易挣点钱交了学费,读完博士在日本的公司就职,当劳动力,挣了一笔钱后要回国了就买了家电,把钱全给了日本人.你们都没有注意这件事,这里面都是经济问题.这就是素质教育到底是什么.” “中小学的教育就是听话,老师管干部,干部管同学,孩子们都学会了成年化的处世方式,这是害人啊!这样强迫性地做了一些好事后,没有把做好事与做人准则结合起来去培养,而只学会了拍马屁、讨老师喜欢、说成人话.上次电视上就曾经播出,一个小孩得了个奖,主诗人问他最愿意说什么,他说:“我最愿意跟江爷爷说:我向你报告!““江爷爷”是谁?还不是老师教的!孩子们在中小学活得很累,到了大学就没人管了,所以就要玩、就要谈恋爱.” “我们有很多同学成绩好,却什么都做不了.在我们大学像我这种程度的人,招博士生是从来不看成绩的,成绩算什么!现在我从事的这个领域在中国有叁个杰出的人才,当初在读研究生时都补考过,而成绩考得好的几个人却都跑到美国去卖中药了,这说明了什么问题?作老板的可不能这样啊!......人才的梯队一定要合理,而不要认为教授就是万能的、博士就是万能的.中国的教育体系就是让每一个老百姓都充满希望和理想,教育孩子们要树立远大的理想.实际上,人的能力是不一样的,扫地能扫好,也应该受到尊重;打扫厕所能打扫干净,也应该受到尊重,不能动不动就要高学历.我要提醒的是:在国外可不是这样,美国、日本的博士就很难找到工作,为什么?因为老板心疼钱,招了博士要给他高工资,而他能做什么用呢?这是个具体问题.” “科技到底该干什么?高科技到底该干什么?如果我是科技部长,该玩的就玩,就像陈景润,他就是玩!陈景润如果是处在今天的中国,他绝对是要去讨饭的,因为他不会去搞产业化,他的英语也不好,他说话都不流利,中文都讲不好,按现在“标准“,他是个文盲,还谈什么教授!日本人就是喜欢美国人,我跟日本人说:你们这个民族爱谁,谁就要向你们扔原子弹.日本人就是喜欢黑人也不喜欢中国人.......我特别对我们的女教授、女同学说:在日本人面前一句日文都不要讲,会也不要讲;日本人一听说你讲英文,特别是看到中国女孩讲英文,腿都要发软,这是真的!” “中国人为什么这些年都往外跑,最重要的是要让国民自己爱自己国家.......如果我是杭州的市长,我绝对不是狭隘的民族自尊心──如果杭州有什么灾难,我就首先把杭州的老百姓安排在香格里拉,让外国人在外面排队!(掌声!)这样,你才会让你的国民爱自己的国家!一个日本的农民跑到峨嵋山去玩,骨头摔断了,你就用中国空军的直升飞机去救他,而在日本大学一名中国留学生在宿舍里死了7天才被发现;名古屋大学的一对中国博士夫妇和孩子误食有毒磨菇,孩子和母亲死了,父亲则是重症肝炎,在名古屋大学医学院的门诊室等了12个小时,也没有一个日本教授来看望!而你们为什么还要这么友好,以为自己很大度,实际上是被人家耻笑,笑你的无知!你们这个民族*!我们不能这样!我们的领导人跑到国外去访问,看到有几个人在欢迎他们,就感到挺有面子;而外国来了个什么人物,都是警车开道,这究竟是怎么回事?这让我们中国人感到是自豪还是悲哀?所有这些,对教育工作来讲,都是深层次的问题.所以我经常讲,我作为一位自然科学工作者,我教育我的学生,首先是学会做人,没有这些,你学了高分子,外语都是花架子。” 收起阅读 »
变革5
今天开始跟个别部门的领班工程师们开会,主要是三个车间,装配,电子,喷印。之前请生产部报出了他们检验工位的人数,多达43人,不可能全给他们加薪,必须有所整合。因此建立了几个任务,请各位领班在期限内整理出车间严重性高的,发生频度大的和引起过客户退货的问题,在与生产部交接之前也统一好收货标准或作改善。然后请他们思考由生产收货所需要的标识和品质部巡拉验货所需要的资源。最后与生产部门开会确定全后方案,清理出缩减人员的名单,全部动作在10月底前完成,预期缩编人数为6 out of 15. 因为处在交替阶段,本人会每周参加生产车间会议一次,以宣导新的工作模式,请生产部加强自检。
总的来说,开始了,也行动了,有点开心。 收起阅读 »
总的来说,开始了,也行动了,有点开心。 收起阅读 »
内审检查表(软件)
审核要素
审核子条款
审核方法
审核材料或活动
审核记录
审核结果
5.1人员
5.1.1
审查材料
1、 查人员一览表,关键岗位人员是否有任命文件,聘用人员是否劳动合同,
2、 关键岗位如技术负责人、质量负责人、授权签字人的资格
5.1.2
审查材料
1、所有抽样、检测、授权签字人的能力证明及技能确认的记录如上岗培训、考核记录、上岗证书
5.1.3
审查材料
1、 人员培训程序
2、 人员年度培训计划
3、 人员培训记录包括检测技术、法规、体系培训
5.1.4
审查材料
1、培训中人员的监督规定及其记录
5.1.5
审查材料
1、 人员技术档案是否进行了管理,如保持更新
2、 人员技术档案是否包括资格、培训、技能和经历材料
5.1.6
审查材料
1、授权签字人是否具体工程师以上职称,有本专业领域工作证明、培训证明、工作经历
5.1.7
审查材料和询问
1、 授权签字人的任职条件规定是否满足要求
2、 是否熟悉业务
5.2设施和环境条件
5.2.1
现场查看
1、对照标准规范设施和环境条件是否符合要求
5.2.2
审查材料
1、 相关程序文件及标准
2、 核查配备的监控设施和监控记录
5.2. 3
审查材料现场查看
1、 安全作业程序的完整性
2、 是否有安全控制措施,是否配备相关安全设备、检查记录
3、 是否有应急措施、配备应急设施、检查记录
5.2.4
审查材料现场查看
1、 环境保护程序的完整性
2、 是否配备相应的设备设施
3、 对三废是否有处理记录
4、 是否有应急措施、配备应急设施、检查记录
5.2. 5
审查材料
1、区域间是否有不利影响,是否有效隔离
5.2.6
审查材料现场查看
1、 检查是否有限制进入的标识
2、 是否有对进入环境受控的规定
3、 是否有相关的内务管理文件规定
4、 检查记录
5.3检测方法
5.3.1
审查材料
1、 检验方选择法的控制程序
2、 检查标准、作业指导书的发放记录
3、 抽查报告标准是否使用的适宜
4、 对于标准不规范的是否有作业指导书补充
5.3.2
审查材料
1、 检验标准是否现行有效
2、 标准变更是否报发证部门确认
3、 对新的标准方法是否进行了确认
4、 方法变化是否有重新确认
5、 有无作废标准在使用
6、 是否有新项目的程序规定
5.3.3
审查材料
1、 现场检查标准方法的有效性
2、 是否方便人员取阅
5.3.4
审查材料
1、查资质认定证书是否采用了国际标准,是否翻译为中文
5.3.5
审查材料
1、 是否制定了非标准的方法
2、 非标准方法是否进行了确认和验证
5.3.6
审查材料
1、 是否有允许偏离的程序
2、 是否有客户委托检测合同
5.3.7
审查材料
1、 是否有数据转换的程序及其有效性
2、 抽查检验报告及原始记录是否按规定进行了计算及数据转换
3、 是否有专人进行网络维护和数据保护
4、 计算机应用文件的管理是否符合要求
5.4设备和标准物质
5.4.1
审查材料
1、《仪器设备管理程序》
2、设备一览表及设备能力分析
3、仪器设备的采购、验收使用、维修、保养、报废、标识等相关记录。
4、设备维护保养计划和记录
5.4.2
审查材料
1、《仪器设备管理程序》
2、仪器设备的采购、验收使用、维修、保养、报废、标识等相关记录。
5.4.3
审查材料
1、 是否有租用、借用和使用外部设备?
2、 租用、借用和使用外部设备的相关记录。
5.4.4
审查材料
1、 仪器设备操作、使用和维护作业指导书
2、 操作人员培训记录及上岗证书
3、 重要设备授权人员操作的文件
4、 相关文件的发放记录。
5.4.5
审查材料
抽查30%的设备档案,检查其材料内容是否有以下材料:
a) 设备及其软件的识别?
b) 制造商名称、型号标识、系列号或其他唯一性标识?
c) 对设备是否符合规范的核查?
d)当前的处所(如果适用)?
e)制造商的使用说明书或其存放地点?
f)所有检定或校准报告和证书及其有效期。
g)设备维护计划,以及已进行的维护?
h)设备的任何损坏、故障、改装或维修?
5.4.6
现场查看
1、检查有无超检定周期使用的仪器设备。
2、设备是否有三标识及其规范性
5.4.7
审查材料
1、检查是否有脱离实验室的设备,返回后是否有检查记录
5.4.8
审查材料
1、是否有期间核查的指导书、核查计划、记录和评价
5.4.9
审查材料
1、抽查校准证书是否有校正因子,是否在记录中得到使用,对数据的修正
5.4.10
审查材料
1、是否有未经定型的设备,是否有相关的证明文件
5.5量值溯源
5.5.1
审查材料
现场查看
1、实验室是否制定了设备检定或校准、确认的总体要求?
5.5.2
审查材料
1、是否有不以能溯源到国家基准的设备。是否有比对、能力验证的确认计划和记录评价
5.5.3
审查材料
1、 计量器具检定计划
2、 抽查30%的设备,是否在有效期内。对于校准证书是否有确认记录
3、 暂停使用的仪器是否进行了封存或标识。
5.5.4
审查材料
1、 是否有参考标准及其档案?
2、 参考标准的检定计划?
3、 参考标准的检定或校准证书
4、 参考标准的使用记录
5.5.5
现场查看
1、 是否使用标准物质,有无证书
2、 有无标准物质一览表
5.5.6
审查材料
1、 程序文件对标准期间核查的规定
2、 标准物质核查的计划、记录和评价
5.5.7
现场查看
1、 标准物质的管理是否保证标准物质的持续有效性
2、 有无误用标准物质的情况及补救处理措施
5.6抽样及样品管理
5.6.1
审查材料
1、抽样及样品管理程序是否完整,是否覆盖了抽样、保护、存储、保留和清理
5.6.2
审查材料
1、 是否有抽样及抽样计划、抽样记录
2、 样品的制备记录
3、 样品的流转、处理记录是否符合程序的规定
5.6.3
5.6.4
审查材料
1、抽查抽样记录10份,检查记录信息的完整性,填写的规范性,如有偏离是否有详细说明
5.6.5
审查材料
1、 检查委托检验协议10份,样品的接收记录填写是否符合要求,异常情况是否有说明
2、 询问接样人发现样品不适合时如何处理
3、 收样记录是否详细
4、 样品的存放区域是否符合样品的标识
5.6.6
审查材料
1、 样品标识的填写完整性,唯一性标识与流转单是否一致
2、 样品状态是否与检验状态一致
5.6.7
审查材料
现场检查
1、 样品保管条件是否符合要求
2、 样品登记内容是否齐全
3、 抽查10份样品的标识及保管条件的符合性
4、 样品流转是否有相关人员的签名
5.7质量控制
5.7.1
审查材料
1、 质量结果控制程序的完整性
2、 在标准更新、人员交替、设备变化等情况下的监控记录
3、 年度质量控制计划及实施和评价情况
5.7.2
审查材料
1、是否有质量控制结果的分析
5.8结果报告
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.8.4
5.8.5
审查材料
1、 检验报告的管理程序是否完整
2、 抽查30份检验报告,覆盖所有类别和参数,检查报告的规范性、结论的准确性
3、 报告内容是否满足准则的要求
4、 是否使用法定计量单位
5、 报告对检验方法的偏离是否有说明
6、 报告结论是否准确
7、 需要时是否有不确定度的信息
8、 需要时是否有分包的信息
9、 报告的管理完整,包括任务单、流转单、原始记录、检验报告、图表、报告发放登记
10、 报告的唯一性标识,有无重号
5.8.6
审查材料
1、 需要时数据的传送是否安全、保密、完整、有效
2、 有无电子传送的记录
5.8.7
审查材料
1、 手册有无对报告更改的规定,是否符合准则的要求
2、 更换报告的记录
收起阅读 »
【转】货币政策是中国最大的政治
在陆家嘴金融论坛上,陈志武教授称,央行的官员对决策层拒绝采纳他们的意见感到很痛苦。宽松的货币政策会推高通胀,但对垄断央企及地方财政都益处很多。当前,货币政策就是中国最大的政治。
陈志武教授说,中国央行官员最大的痛苦是决策层不听从他们的意见。如果我们追究一下国企利润和中央地方财税连年暴增的根源,也许我们就会明白,货币政策在当前中国其实是最大的政治。作为技术官僚的央行官员,对此痛苦和懵懂,也许是再正常不过的事情。
2011年的陆家嘴金融论坛,耶鲁大学金融学教授陈志武在“浦江夜话一”后接受《财经网》记者采访时“爆料”:“实际上主要的央行官员是非常市场化的,因为熟,我知道他们的痛苦所在。他们的痛苦在决策层不一定认同、采纳他们的想法和政策建议。”他指出,2008年到今年几次放出天量贷款,这是为了短期解决危机的利益需要而不顾长期影响采取的行动,导致了现在面临通货膨胀。而中央因此提出要抑制通胀,市场手段不行之后又推出行政手段,如房子的限购、发改委约谈企业打压物价,“从2008年开始不顾一切地提供天量贷款的时候,怎么没想到现在要不断地去压通胀呢?”
在企业、个人和政府的资产负债表都非常健康的情况下,天量低息资金放出去,最终会引发难以遏制的通胀,这是最简单不过的货币常识,央行官员怎么会不知道呢?但这事,不是由央行官员说了算,低息货币政策背后是错综复杂的利益问题。
今年3月2日,全国政协委员、北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院副院长高明华说,他参与调研的《国有企业的性质表现与改革》报告显示,2001~2008年,国有及国有控股企业累计获得利润总额为4.91748万亿,但同期少缴纳的利息、地租、资源租以及获得财政补贴共计64766.91亿元。如果排除一些不必要的各种享受补贴和各种低额的成本,2001年至2008年国有及国有控股企业平均的真实净资产收益率为-6.2%。
中国银行业由于利率管制坐享巨大利差收益,一年额外垄断收益高达数千亿人民币。数量紧缩政策之后,银行业信贷资源倾斜到大型国企,而中小民企则只能到地下金融市场高利贷饮鸩止渴。今年前4个月,全国国有及国有控股企业主要效益指标继续保持增长,其中累计实现利润总额7125.9亿元,同比增长24.2%。与此同时,长三角一带中小企业因为信贷紧缩出现倒闭潮,有报道称,今年上半年中小企业遭遇到的困难,比2008年还严重。
因为中国财税机制是中间流转税为主,所以宽松货币投放刺激经济活动频繁后,第一个受益者就是政府,尤其是中央财税。今年一季度,中国财税同比增幅高达32%!而地方政府近年来受益于土地财政,也是人所共知的事情,但土地财政维持下去的奥秘,就在于宽松货币政策和地产泡沫。
稍微回顾一下宽松货币政策的受益者,我们发现,不是大型国企,就是政府财政,这种情势下,决策者偏好宽松货币政策,而罔顾货币技术官僚建议,也是情理之事。换句话说,在当前中国,货币政策是最大的政治。
在今年博鳌论坛上,中国央行行长周小川演讲时对台下观众打趣说:“我在想是站着说还是坐着说,我发现在座的政治家都喜欢站着说,我是搞经济的,应该坐着说;坐中间的站着说,我是坐在边上的,还是坐着说。现在演讲台也撤走了,我还是坐着说吧。”
现在我们看清楚了,因为是坐着说,所以很痛苦。 收起阅读 »
比尔•盖茨的11个准则
比尔·盖茨的11个准则
- 生活是不公平的,你要去适应它。
- 这世界并不会在意你的自尊,它需要你在自我感觉良好之前,先有所成就。
- 高中刚毕业,你不会一年挣4万美元,也不会成为一个公司的副总裁,并拥有一部装有电话的汽车。
- 如果你认为你的老师严厉,等你有了老板就不会再这样想了。
- 做小事并不有损你的尊严,祖辈们对做小事有另外一种定义,他们称为“机会”。
- 如果你把事情搞得一团糟,那不是你父母的错,不要随便抱怨别人的过错,要从中吸取教训。
- 你的出世,让你的父母增添了许多烦恼,也付出了许多,所以,想法报答他们,先将自己的房间收拾干净。
- 你的学校里可能不再分优等生和劣等生,但生活却仍在作类似区分。
- 生活没有学期,你并没有假期可以休息。
- 电视不是真实的生活,在现实生活中,人们实际上得远离咖啡馆去工作!
- 你不再为某一个人工作时,机会就出现了。
组织结构变动中的尴尬
我们公司搞体系有个特色,其中针对客户的一个质量管理体系建立了《XX质量体系矩阵图》,这个纵横交错的方块,把质量要素分配到每个部门、每个流程,多多少少,就有70多义务兵要站岗、关注体系的变化和发展。
这个矩阵图中横向为24个职能部门,部门有大有小,大的上千人,小的十来人;纵向为19要素,每个要素设置一位工厂级负责人。垂直是职能部、横向是要素Team,这样的矩阵的组织结构需要一定的管理水平才能发挥作用滴,我们摸爬滚打磨合了三、四年,全面皆兵基础总算打好,心有灵犀两三点也能通,职能部门负责人和要素负责人关系融洽,体系在不断优化和发展中。
这一年,公司开始变革;这几个月24部门不断合并,陆续增加几个总监和经理。为了迎接客户全球审核我们体系不得不“补补课”,其中就包括矩阵图的更新,上个月发出通知,NND到现在还有几个部门不动声响。放假归来,我客气的单独通知这几个部门老大,请谢谢update矩阵图。
下午陆续接到电话,原来大家有难言之隐啊,因为部门合并和调整,部门人员调换,矩阵图不好更新,问我“部门负责人挂新老大还是不挂?!合并之后又没见公司发布更新的组织结构.....”理由一大堆啊,一些老部门的负责人心理有千个不乐意啊,新得组织结构变动,他们心上都烙病了....
哇塞,这是个问题。上个月我与HR哥提供过新组织结构给BOSS,这一拖就一个月...时间真TM快。
唉,现在公司处于变更中,不安定因素比较多,体系却追求的是标准化,强调优化和稳定,有点冲突啊,老板正忙,我们不能添乱才是。变革就像打出去的拳头,要想有力,必须先收回,收回过程意味着倒退和混乱.....
看看,看看再说吧。 收起阅读 »
这个矩阵图中横向为24个职能部门,部门有大有小,大的上千人,小的十来人;纵向为19要素,每个要素设置一位工厂级负责人。垂直是职能部、横向是要素Team,这样的矩阵的组织结构需要一定的管理水平才能发挥作用滴,我们摸爬滚打磨合了三、四年,全面皆兵基础总算打好,心有灵犀两三点也能通,职能部门负责人和要素负责人关系融洽,体系在不断优化和发展中。
这一年,公司开始变革;这几个月24部门不断合并,陆续增加几个总监和经理。为了迎接客户全球审核我们体系不得不“补补课”,其中就包括矩阵图的更新,上个月发出通知,NND到现在还有几个部门不动声响。放假归来,我客气的单独通知这几个部门老大,请谢谢update矩阵图。
下午陆续接到电话,原来大家有难言之隐啊,因为部门合并和调整,部门人员调换,矩阵图不好更新,问我“部门负责人挂新老大还是不挂?!合并之后又没见公司发布更新的组织结构.....”理由一大堆啊,一些老部门的负责人心理有千个不乐意啊,新得组织结构变动,他们心上都烙病了....
哇塞,这是个问题。上个月我与HR哥提供过新组织结构给BOSS,这一拖就一个月...时间真TM快。
唉,现在公司处于变更中,不安定因素比较多,体系却追求的是标准化,强调优化和稳定,有点冲突啊,老板正忙,我们不能添乱才是。变革就像打出去的拳头,要想有力,必须先收回,收回过程意味着倒退和混乱.....
看看,看看再说吧。 收起阅读 »
燕燕回娘家之2011(之二)
打麻将
输了三五十吧
妹妹她们拿着我捐的款子
做指甲去了
输了三五十吧
妹妹她们拿着我捐的款子
做指甲去了
您想要的是什么?
很多的时候,我们都会听老板抱怨现在招工困难,人员素质低,不服从安排,工作中有错还不能说,说了马上辞职走人。那么我们大家都想要对方怎么做呢?
我曾经在有个厂做过3个月的质量主管我就辞职走人了。我进这个厂是朋友介绍的。当时在电话里面谈的时候谈得还不错,说第二天开车来接我过去面试,谁知道第二天他说有事,叫我自己做车过去。我想想可能他很忙,并没有在意那么多就自己打车过去了。在面试的过程中我提出老自己的见解,把我如果我进公司以后的工作做了详细的规划,老板很高兴,当即排板确定,还把我在前个厂的工资给补了(辞职的话要一个月),同时告诉我说,我们一定会把质量放在第一位,就算不出货我们也要抓质量。于是三天后我走马上任。
本来在面试的时候谈的是包吃包住,但是当我上任时,问了几次后才把我分到了一男生宿舍,搬过去一看,心凉了半节。门是坏的,窗都没有,别说什么热水什么的了,要热水自己用电老虎烧,也不管是否安全,员工自己乱拉乱接,蚊子到处飞。没有办法。只能将就睡一夜,但是换来的确是第二天的满身红点(被蚊子照顾了一晚上),眼睛通红。没有办法,只有和他商量,自己搬出去住,要不根本就没有状态上班,他沉默了几分钟后说可以,房租我们一人一半,我也答应了毕竟如果他不答应的话,我自己也要出这笔钱,喂蚊子的感觉不是那么好受的。到中午吃饭时一去食堂看,顿时没有胃口。食堂是跟其他公司一起的,整过食堂没有见就个人吃饭,卫生超级差,饭的质量更不用提。没有办法,跑外面去吃个快餐。下午回来跟他说起此事,他再次沉默后答应我出去吃饭的要求,前提是一人一半的费用,没有办法的情况下,我答应了。
但是在渐渐的工作中,我开始发现他的种种口是心非,我主管质量这一块,叫他准备一份供应商和客户的联系清单给我,一直准备了到我走的那天都没有给我。生产过程中我发现了在拉线的过程中,员工的操作有隐患,把该组组长及老板叫一起开会,商量此事的解决办法。谁知道此组长很是牛叉:“我们一直像这样做了5年了,没有什么问题呀,为什么要改?”我告诉他说有隐患的地方我们都必须要排出,不是等到事情发生后再去补救。组长死活不同意我的方案,老板也没有表态,此事不了了之。没过几天,我所说的隐患真的出现了,并且是很大的数量,我把产品拿到老板面前,他看了之后也没有给我一个明确的答复。后来才从员工那里了解到“别和老板谈钱,其他你谈什么都可以”,我彻底无语。因为我谈的预防方案是要花几百块钱增加一个报警装置,如果出现不良就会报警并自动停机。
还有一次,我到注塑组巡查,发现光线比较暗,夜晚操作不安全,问员工为什么不要求安装的灯泡。员工说这事早半年前都说了,每次去问他他都说下次买,多少个下次以后我们也懒得问了。
因为测试工装(我自己帮他设计自己做)少了几个零件,叫他去买没有买到,为了不影响生产进度,我特意叫了我朋友给我免费的快递过去,谁知道当仓库收到货拿去给他报快递费时,他说是我的名字叫我自己出那10块钱。仓库人员回来告诉我此事,我告诉仓库人员说:“你去告诉老板,东西虽然是写我的名字,但是东西是用在公司的工作中,不是我的私人物品,叫他不相信自己打开来看,如果他觉得不想出这10块钱的快递费的话,我自己出”。仓库人员再次跑过去,这次他报了,但是听仓库人员说老板的表情很纠结。
员工反映说上班站着很累,坐凳不够,叫我帮忙反映下。我把此事告诉老板,他说明天就买,但是不知道过了多少个明天我也没有见到一张新的坐凳。
有次老板把我叫到办公室说员工反映我不打卡,说工作比他们轻松,钱还比他们多。我说那你认为呢?你觉得我拿你这点钱值不值?如果你觉得不值的话你可以干掉我。他说我没有这么想,但是为了安抚员工,你也要打卡,我反问,我在这里是月薪,加班多久都是免费的,打了卡有什么用(后来才知道是那个拉线组长说我晚上加班早下班,没有等他们到10点一起)?我们做事不是做给别人看的,而是在做这事之前想想有没有实际的用处。表面的工作做起来没有意思。老板是个实干派,他想要的是一天都在产线帮他做事的人员,而不是坐在那里“指手画脚”的那种。我跟不上他的步伐,萌发了离去的念头。
三个月后我觉得自己没有再在这个公司发展下去的必要,于是毅然选择了离开,当我把辞职书交给他的时候,他很惊讶,不相信我真要走,但是他也只能选择接受这不争的事实,好象在他的心中,我给你这点钱你还不满足?那你还想要什么?但是他真的不知道我想要的是什么,我想要的是价值的体现,当我在一个公司做事,发现自己根本起不到什么作用的情况下,我会选择离开,因为我还没有到纯粹为了钱而工作的地步。 收起阅读 »
积分终于上300了,真慢啊。
积分终于上300了,真慢啊。
相聚是缘, 平淡是真
相聚是缘, 平淡是真 已记不清从什么时候起,学会了在QQ上隐身,删除一些可有可无的号,论坛上的短信也不再收藏,而是有选择地保留。 有些人,注定相遇,有些人,却不一定会相遇。而爱是什么?我说,它只是一杯未加糖的咖啡, 香气,终将随着热气,逐渐沉入杯底。握不住那浮在水面上的苦涩,氤氲得将让人以为踏雪而来的誓言必是前世的不变。其实,任何的声音,都会消失,如同我们卑微的生命。 喜欢一个人走在路上,看过往的行人如槛外之人,我自在槛内,任花开花獬,而落雪飘飞,心事如莲花,千瓣万瓣地开放,然后在一路的花香中,慢慢地走回安放自己灵魂的处所。垣途的快乐,足以打湿浪迹天涯时的艰辛和风尘。 天性的不圆滑与拒绝敷衍,外表热情而内心淡定,喜欢沉锓在自己的天地里。我是敏感而脆弱的,总是在别人拒绝之前先拒绝了别人。最后落个遍体鳞伤。疼痛得已学会了罩上外衣,不轻易显山露水了。我知道,有些伤,只能自己躲在角落里,舔食自己的伤口,让其慢慢愈合。但太多时候,太多的事,我只能保持沉默。惟有暗夜独自抚摩伤口,才懂得那是真正的痛。 花开了又如何?花谢了又怎样?都终究逃不过一个“缘”字。亦如老屋的墙头上那抹淡淡的斜阳,脆弱,短暂,倏而远逝。 还是在文字中看自己长长的影子吧,虽然是孤独寂寥,却 还是有活力在体内弥漫着。对于我来说,只要有书读,哪怕生活再清贫,环境再恶劣,我都会心如止水。书,是我生命中的一座凉亭,总是让我聆听到心灵深处的声音,使我在黄昏时有家可归,更让那迷茫孤寂时的精灵也有个归宿。有些话是要说出来的,更多的话则只能是自己说给自己听的。 其实,我很向往紫檀木般沉着舒适的生活,也向往激情澎拜的动荡岁月。于是,我把心飘落到风尘,左手从容平淡,右手奢华沉浮。 很多时候,我都劝戒身边的一些朋友。我说,她〈他〉不过是你生命长河里滑落的一条鱼;咱们都生了一场叫爱和情的病,彼此挣扎,却谁也不是谁的一丸救命的药;不得善终的感情无非有两种结局:或厌恶到老,或怀念至永远。 虽然,我们终于耗尽心力,到头来一无所有,但也不能停止追求,也至少有哭泣。 我以为一切都会被时空带走,然而,原来只不过是被时间的尘埃轻轻覆盖。哪怕只是一个呼吸,也会有呼吸的痛。 爱到不能爱的时候,不妨仍感激先转身的那个人,是她〈他〉成就了自己人生里的必要的一场勇敢。 因为这个世界,唯一比时间强大的事情,就是我们内心的死不悔改。 不平常的两个人,成绩不平常的一段情。同时,必须懂得在前,爱在其后。这样想着,心中反而释怀。 我的情怀不是诗,平平淡淡是真! 。
收起阅读 »
收起阅读 »
前任公司将被收购
昨晚和前同事W先生吃饭,他问我,知不知道Y公司现在的情况,有点莫名其妙,我问他,什么情况。他叫我打开电脑,百度一下,百度上跳出来的消息,让我速度点开看。某股份公司拟收购Y公司,与Y公司已达成《合作框架》,再看财务数据,Y公司总资产X亿,负债X千万,去年利润X百万,利润竟然是负债的近十倍。我在Y公司的时候,年底连操作工人都拿不错的年终奖金,怎么会被收购。W同事问我,有何感想。没啥感想,淡定,毕竟走出那公司也二年了。W先生跟我都在那家公司工作了三年,我比他早一年,他出来晚一年。W先生MS比较高兴,他可以去拉走他在Y公司开发的客户了,他离开Y公司的时候,跟Y公司的S总承诺过,不会带走他的客户。不知道S总TA老人家会怎么样,五年前进入Y公司的时候,S总老人家亲自开车把我送到住地,离开公司的时候,QQ互留言,到现在QQ上已经找不到TA老人家了,S总在Y公司几十年,从小到大,从国内到国外,从贴牌到自主品牌,S总大半生都在这个公司了。W先生冒出话来,TA为自己罢了,S总前两年就喊着要把公司上市,现在是卖给人家上市了,S总你还不了解吗。呵呵,不知道说什么好,回来打开QQ,F总的QQ签名,居然请了咨询老师,F总不会不知道这事情吧。当年我是TA得力干将,也是TA最亲密合作伙伴,TA跟我高谈TA的构想,一年后跟TA不欢而散,也直接导致我的离开。两年过去,都是浮云。BOSS最后还是将他们全部抛弃掉,如果当年BOSS的女儿女婿能顺利的呆在公司,我想BOSS也不会把公司卖掉。在Y公司工作了三年,从质量到生产到采购,我走马观花似的做了遍,不管怎么样,还是谢谢TA们,让我累计了经验,叹息一声吧,如果最后没有收购,恭喜TA们,努努力,打个翻身仗,如果收购成功,纪念一下吧。 收起阅读 »
2011-9-27 充实的感觉
最近看着六西格玛由初级到绿带初级,心中满是高兴,兴奋之余,也在不断的加强学习,东西多了,才可以心中有底。
从cpk到ppk,从极差到方差,从标准差到平均值,从陌生到开始熟悉,感觉自己开始认识了这些之前让我头疼的……差,心理上不在畏惧这些。
我想到了,自己仿佛是一个刚刚出生的婴儿,已经开始学会了吃饭。在质量这生涯中,我仅仅还是个婴儿,以后的路还是很长很长的。尽管如此,每天吃一点,都会感觉肚子是舒服的。充实的感觉,已经开始慢慢找回来!
方向有了,总胜过没有方向。走过了那个迷茫的阶段,总是可以前进个台阶。迷茫多了,就找到方法了。
呵呵,鼓励自己!坚持到底!没有捷径,没有直径,但相信天道酬勤!加油!
给自己鼓劲吧。 收起阅读 »
从cpk到ppk,从极差到方差,从标准差到平均值,从陌生到开始熟悉,感觉自己开始认识了这些之前让我头疼的……差,心理上不在畏惧这些。
我想到了,自己仿佛是一个刚刚出生的婴儿,已经开始学会了吃饭。在质量这生涯中,我仅仅还是个婴儿,以后的路还是很长很长的。尽管如此,每天吃一点,都会感觉肚子是舒服的。充实的感觉,已经开始慢慢找回来!
方向有了,总胜过没有方向。走过了那个迷茫的阶段,总是可以前进个台阶。迷茫多了,就找到方法了。
呵呵,鼓励自己!坚持到底!没有捷径,没有直径,但相信天道酬勤!加油!
给自己鼓劲吧。 收起阅读 »
身体小窍门,马上会让你爽到极点
1、如果你的喉咙痒,挠你的耳朵!当耳朵里的神经被刺激,会造成咽喉的反射作用,引起肌肉痉挛,这种痉挛会缓解发痒。2、体验超声波听觉!右耳比左耳更善于听快节奏的谈话,而左耳更善于听取音乐的曲调。4、感觉不到疼痛!德国研究者发现在打针时咳嗽能减轻针头带来的痛苦。这个小窍门会引起突然的暂时性的胸内和脊柱内压力上升,从而抑制脊柱的疼痛传导组织。5、让你的鼻子通畅!一个简单、快速、又便宜的缓解鼻窦压力的方式是不时用舌头推挤口腔的上部,接着用一根手指按压你的眉间。6、对症下药!担心晚上鸡翅又从胃里飞出来?朝左侧卧睡觉吧!研究表明左侧卧睡的人受胃酸返流之苦的可能性较小。因为食道和胃以一定的角度连接,当你向右侧卧时,胃比食道要高,会让胃酸流向喉管。而左侧卧时,胃比食道要低,所以重力对你有利。7、不张嘴就能治好你的牙疼!你只需在虎口(the V-shaped webbed area between your thumb and indexfinger)上揉化一块冰即可。与不用冰相比,这种方法能减少 50%的疼痛感。虎口处的神经会刺激大脑的某个区域,从而阻止面部和手部传来的疼痛信号。8、让烧伤消失!当你不小心烧伤手指,立即清洁皮肤并用为受伤的手掌轻轻按压伤处,然后冰敷--冰块会迅速减轻你的疼痛。这种自然的方法能使你烧伤的皮肤恢复到正常的温度,使皮肤不容易起水疱。9、让世界停止旋转!喝多了觉得眩晕?请把手扶在稳固的物体上。稳定物体传来的触觉给了大脑二次判断,让你更有平衡感。10、胁部不再疼痛!如果你和大多数人一样,那么你跑步时在右脚触地的同时呼气。这会给你的肝脏向下的压力,从而向下拉扯横隔膜造成一侧刺痛。解决办法:在左脚触地时呼气。11、用一只手指止血!捏紧鼻子并仰头是一个止住鼻血的不错方法--如果你不介意被自己的阳性O型血哽住。一种更文明的方法是:在你的上牙龈处塞些棉花--就在你的人中(small dent below yournose)后面,然后用力按压它。大多数流血来自隔膜的前部(将鼻子分开的软骨墙),所以按压人中能帮助止血。12、让你的心脏保持平静!在试图平息第一次约会的紧张不安?对你的大拇指吹气吧,这会使你的心率恢复正常。迷走神经能通过呼吸来控制心率。13、解冻你的大脑!冰激凌(Chipwich??)吃得太多太快会让一些人的感觉大脑发冷。原因是上颚的神经变得很冷,使你的身体认为你的大脑也被冻结,引起“冰激凌头痛”。为了抵消这种效果,可以用平着舌头去紧贴上颚,覆盖面越大约好,越用力头痛感越快消退。14、防止近视!近视很少是因为遗传因素引起,通常是由“近点紧张”引起。换句话说,你盯着电脑屏幕看得太久。预防的方法是:每天每隔几小时就闭上眼睛,绷紧全身肌肉,然后深深吸口气,几秒后再呼出同时放松肌肉。15、叫醒“死去的”身体!如果你在开车或以奇怪的姿势久坐时双手麻木了,请左右摇晃你的头。这能在一分钟内毫无痛苦地驱散你的麻木感(pins and needles)16、让朋友们对你印象深刻!下次你参加Party时,试试这个小把戏:让一个人侧伸出一只手臂,手掌朝下,并要求他保持这个姿势。然后你用两根手指按压他的手腕,他仍能保持原来的姿势。现在,让他把脚放到一个半英寸高的平面上(比如一摞杂志),再去按压他的手腕。这次,他甚至没法站直。原因是他的脊椎已经因为臀部的偏移而偏移。17、水下呼吸!如果你死命地想取回池塘水底的那枚25分硬币,先短促有力地吸几口气。当你在水下时,不是因为缺氧使你拼命地想呼吸,而是因为二氧化碳的增加使你的血液呈酸性,从而给你的大脑传到不好的信号。而当你强力呼吸时,氧的注入降低了血液里的酸。18、了解大脑!如果你明天要作一个演讲,最好在睡前再看一遍。因为大多数记忆强化过程发生在睡眠中,在睡前读的任何东西都更可能被编码成长期记忆. 收起阅读 »

