这里所谓的一,是指定义类的东西.现将一些定义或者只有一条要求的内容整理一下: 熔化焊:使局部地区熔化,在无压力作用下,带或不带焊接填充材料的焊接; ...
这里所谓的一,是指定义类的东西.现将一些定义或者只有一条要求的内容整理一下:
熔化焊:使局部地区熔化,在无压力作用下,带或不带焊接填充材料的焊接;
压力焊:在力的作用下,带或不带焊接填充材料,实施局部性加热的焊接。
堆焊:为增大或恢复焊件尺寸,或使焊件表面获得具有特殊性能的熔敷金属而进行的焊接。
焊接操作:通过焊接完成工件的连接过程。
焊接工艺参数:焊接时为保证焊接质量而需要的数据。
熔化速度:填充材料熔化的速度。填充材料单位时间内熔化的长度。
焊接时间:完成焊接接头所需要的时间。
熔敷效率:熔敷在坡口或者工件上的焊缝金属量与熔化的填充金属量的比率,或者与药芯电弧焊中熔化焊丝的比率,常用百分比表示。
焊接填充材料:焊接时被熔化用尽,并有利于焊缝形成的材料。
氧乙炔火焰气焊:焊接熔池是由火焰加热所形成,火焰是由可燃气体与氧气的化学反应产生的,火焰的热量使材料熔化。通常用手将焊条送入熔化区,把焊接坡口填满。火焰气体覆盖着熔池,保护熔池免受空气影响。
焊条电弧焊:用涂药焊条进行焊条电弧焊接时,焊接电源提供焊接电流,使之在焊条和工件之间产生一个可燃烧的电弧。电弧的热量使母材和焊条熔化,熔化的焊条以溶滴状向母材过渡。
钨极惰性气体保护焊:在焊炬中夹持的非熔化的钨极和工件之间燃烧着的电弧所产生的能量使材料熔化。通常使用焊棒作为填充材料。
熔化极气体保护焊:通过软管束,将保护气体、焊接电流和作为焊接填充材料的焊丝送入焊炬。
埋弧焊:焊丝盘、送丝机构、导电咀以及焊剂都安装在一个行走小车上,焊接电流通过导电咀里的滑动接触面传输到移动着的焊丝上,焊丝端部与工件之间的电弧埋在焊剂层下不可见地燃烧。
电阻点焊:将待焊接的金属件搭接放置在两个电极之间,通过电极施加一定的力将板材压在一起以后,在给顶的时间内,电流从一个电极通过板材流到另一个电极。在电阻最大的部位,由于电阻产生的热量熔化了基础部分材料。
燃气:与空气或氧气混合后可燃烧的气体。
助燃气体:通常指氧气。
火焰的初始功率:燃烧速度和析出的热量的乘积。
乙炔:不仅具有最高火焰温度,而且是燃烧速度最高的可燃气体。
电弧:在一定条件下电荷通过两电极间气体空间的一种导电过程。或者说是一种气体放电过程。
电离:在一定条件下气体分子或原子分离为正离子和电子的现象。
电子发射:当电极表面受到外加能量作用时,电极中的电子可能冲破电极表面的约束而飞到电弧空间。
粒子碰撞发射:由于高速运动的粒子撞击金属表面时,将能量传递给金属表面电子,使其逸出。
热发射:电极受热作用而产生电子发射现象。
电场发射:电子受到电场力作用,飞出电场表面。
熔滴过渡:在电弧热作用下,焊丝或焊条端头的熔化金属形成熔滴,受到各种力作用向母材过渡,成为溶滴过渡。
短路爆破力:会形成飞溅。
斑点压力:阻碍熔滴过渡。
等离子流力:会对熔池产生附加力。
表面张力:延迟熔滴过渡。
焊接电流与焊接电源输出电压和电弧电阻有关。
焊接整流器:由变压器和整流堆组成。
晶闸管电源:即晶闸管弧焊整流器,包括变压器、整流桥和输出电抗器。
恒流特性曲线:如果所使用的电源在电弧长度改变时,实际上它的电流并没有变化,通常称为恒流特性曲线。
暂载率:焊接时间/工作周期X100%
空载电压:焊接电源启动后在电弧引燃之前的二次电压。
焊条电弧焊的主要工艺参数:焊条直径、焊接电流、焊接电压、焊接速度、热输入等。
焊钳作用:夹持焊条、传导焊接电流。
保护气包括:氧气、氮气、氩气、氦气、氢气、二氧化碳等气体。
内调节:依靠不同电弧长度的电流差值来调节的,在整个调节过程中,外部没有变化,因此称做内调节。
屈服极限:当负载较小时,卸载后钢又回到它的原始尺寸,从某一应力起,开始出现弹性变形附加塑性变形,这个应力便是屈服极限。
屈服点RP0.2:许多材料在拉伸试验中都显示出一个从弹性范围到塑性范围的连续过程,当拉伸试样出现0.2%永久延伸率时,得到应力值便是RP0.2
抗拉强度:材料最大的公称应力被称作为抗拉强度。
断裂延伸率A%:如果用直到试样断裂的拉伸应力加载到试样上,可以从试样的永久伸长测量计算出断裂延伸率。
断面收缩率Z%:从试样断裂区横截面的永久变形可以测量计算断面收缩率。
弯曲试验:用于检验金属材料的可变形能力。
缺口冲击功AvJ:说明用于缺口冲击试样断裂或塑性变形所必需的冲击能。
缺口冲击韧性akJ:与试样横截面相关的冲击能。
导热性:各种不同材料将局部输入的热量以不同的速度传导到较冷区域。
热膨胀:每种金属加热时各向都会产生膨胀,而冷却时都要收缩。
腐蚀:金属材料与周围介质的反应。
焊接性:如果能焊出具有规定的材料性能的焊接接头,则这种材料是具有可焊性的。
热裂纹:高温下产生的,特征是沿晶界开裂。
结晶裂纹:焊缝结晶过程中,在固相线附近温度,由于凝固金属的收缩,残余液体金属不足而产生。
高温液化裂纹:在焊接热循环峰值温度作用下,在近缝区或多层焊的层间部位低熔共晶被重新熔化,拉伸应力作用下开裂。
多边化裂纹:在焊缝或近缝区,在固相线稍下温度的高温区,刚凝固的金属中存在晶格缺陷,使强度和塑性很差,在很小的拉伸应力下开裂。
高温低塑性裂纹:冷却到一定高温范围,应变与冶金元素交互作用引起塑性低落,沿晶开裂。
再热裂纹:消除应力热处理或在服役过程中,在热影响区粗晶区部位发生的。
层状撕裂:一种沿钢板轧制方向的开裂,特征是呈阶梯状。
企业制造许可证书:企业现状由企业自行填写,包括技术装备、技术人员资历以及焊接生产范围。企业的焊接生产制造许可证由专门的机构认证签发。
产品咨询检验:检验企业是否具备生产制造条件或是否具有能满足用户及法规所要求的条件的能力。
合同审核:在正式订货合同签定之前应由企业各有关部门对用户的订货委托条件进行审验。
设计图纸审核:在产品制造之前应进行设计图纸审核,以确保产品质量符合合同及相关标准的要求。
生产制造中的检验及监督:焊前的检验及监督、焊接过程中的检验及监督、焊后的检验及监督。
合金:熔合两种以上金属或金属与非金属,所获得的具有金属性质的物质。
组元:组成合金所必须的并能独立存在的物质称为组元,简称元。
相:合金中具有同一化学成分,同一结构和原子聚集状态,并以界面而分开的,均匀的组成成分。
系:在研制合金时,由选定的几个组元可以配制出一系列不同成分的合金,这一系列的合金就构成了一个合金系统,简称为合金系或系。
相图:在合金中,参与结晶或相变过程的各相之间的相对重量或相的浓度不再改变时,达到的一种平衡。
合金相结构:合金组织中相的晶体结构。
固溶体:一种组元均匀地溶解在另一组元中而形成的均匀的固相。
置换固溶体:溶质原子分布在溶剂晶格结点上,取代了一部分溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。
间隙固溶体:溶质原子分布在溶剂晶格空隙形成的固溶体。
固溶强化:形成固溶体时,由于溶质原子的溶入,将会使溶剂元素的晶格发生畸变,导致塑性变形抗力增加,因而使固溶体强度、硬度提高。
金属化合物:合金组元间发生作用而形成的一种新相。
匀晶相图:凡二组元在液态时完全互溶,在固态时形成无限固溶体的合金相图称为匀晶相图。
共晶相图:在一定温度下,由一定成分的液相同时结晶出成分一定的两个固相的转变过程称为共晶转变,其相图为共晶相图。
包晶相图:当两组元在液态时无限互溶,在固态时形成有限固溶,而且发生包晶反映时所构成的相图。
共析反应:某一均匀一致的固相中同时析出两种化学成分和晶体结构完全不同的新固相的转变过程。
铁素体:碳溶解与α-Fe中的间隙固溶体。
奥氏体:碳溶解于γ-Fe中形成的间隙固溶体。
渗碳体:铁与碳形成的化合物。
莱氏体:共晶转变的产物奥氏体+渗碳体。
珠光体:共析转变的产物铁素体+渗碳体。
正火:加热到稍高于Ac3线以上保温适当时间后在空气中冷却(得到细晶粒珠光体)。
消除应力退火:在Ac1温度以下加热后缓慢冷却,在其它性能不变的情况下内应力减小(450~600度)。
粗晶粒退火:加热到远远大于Ac3(950~1100度)线以上,保温1~4小时,根据需要冷却,得到粗大晶粒。奥氏体晶粒长大冷却后形成铁素体+珠光体。
软化退火:A1线附近加热,然后缓冷,碳化物转变为球状。
淬火:将钢加热到相变温度以上(奥氏体化),保温一定时间,然后快速冷却,形成马氏体而显著硬化。
调质:淬火后回火称为调质处理。
回火:将工件加热到RT与Ac1之间的温度,保温后冷却,通过回火,强度和0.2%屈服强度有所降低,延伸率和缩颈将增加。
正火轧制:在某一温度范围内进行最终变形处理获得材料特性的轧制过程,类似正火过程,所以其在正火过程后的材料属性荏苒可以得到保留。
脆断:将近行断裂前,材料没有明显的形状改变的断裂称为脆断。
时效:随着时间的流逝,材料的某种性能如缺口冲击功出现改变的现象称为材料的时效。
耐候钢:含有一定数量合金元素的钢材在温度条件下通过在母材金属上自保护的氧化膜可以增强其抗大气腐蚀性。
稳定裂纹扩展:裂纹只有在不断接受外界能量,才会扩展的情况。
失稳裂纹扩展:勿须外界提供能量,裂纹就能快速扩展的情况。
脆性材料:断裂前的变形基本上是弹性变形,没有明显的塑性变形发生。
COD:材料受载后裂纹尖端的张开位移。
磨料磨损:当硬质颗粒或表面粗糙物在压力作用下,对金属表面进行显微切削,即磨料磨损。
黏着磨损:金属与金属之间相对运动时,由于两接触面凹凸不平,引起表面金属变形,局部高温焊合而撕裂式转移结合到另一表面的一种表面破坏形式。
疲劳磨损:摩擦副表面相对滚动或滑动时,周期性的载荷使接触区受到很大应力,当超过材料强度时,周期性的载荷使接触区受到很大的应力,当超过材料强度时,将在表层薄弱处引起裂纹,逐渐扩展,最后金属断裂剥落下来。
冲蚀磨损:材料受到小而松散的流动粒子冲击时表现出破坏的一种磨损形式。
化学腐蚀:金属表面与非电解质直接发生纯化学作用而引起的破坏。
电化学腐蚀:金属表面与离子导电的介质因发生电化学作用而发生的破坏。
物理腐蚀:金属由于单纯的物理溶解作用所引起的破坏。


恩,又11点了,该去洗刷休息了。






收起阅读 »

我相信爱情,但不相信天长地久

刚打了半天却发不出来。长话短说好了,事情缘于跟一刚离开深圳的朋友聊天,加上今天中午卖菜的老板娘拉着我数了半天哪个哪个男人在外包小三,招J。 共同的结论是:没钱...
刚打了半天却发不出来。长话短说好了,事情缘于跟一刚离开深圳的朋友聊天,加上今天中午卖菜的老板娘拉着我数了半天哪个哪个男人在外包小三,招J。
共同的结论是:没钱的男人不一定可靠,有钱的男人不一定不可靠。
她的结论是:不能跟没有钱的男人谈恋爱结婚。
我的结论是:爱情有,但天长地久的爱情没有。
不同经济基础的男人只是在外乱来的对象档次不同而已。男人的可靠忠诚只是相对的,在时间面前最不堪一击。如果说哪个男人一辈子都对老婆忠心,对感情忠贞,我只会笑笑。 收起阅读 »

ONLY A FEW WORDS(几个英语词 )

At a court the judge is interrogating a mugger , but gets into difficulty b...


At a court the judge is interrogating a mugger ,
but gets into difficulty because the mugger is a foreigner who doesn't speak English.
Don't you speak English at all?the judge asks.
Only a few words, replies the mugger.
What words do you know?
Your purse or your life!

法庭上法官正审问一个抢劫犯,由于该犯是一个不会说英语的外国人,审问很困难。
你一点英语都不会说吗?法官问。
我只会说几个词。抢劫犯回答。
你会说哪几个词?
你是要钱还是要命! 收起阅读 »

本周末骑车去昆山千灯,有想去的一起!

本周末骑车去昆山千灯,有想去的一起!!!
本周末骑车去昆山千灯,有想去的一起!!!

20090706

20090706 昨天宝宝第一次吃虾,好像蛮喜欢吃的,开始吃了5个还没有吃够,后来又给他加了3个另外有菜花剁成碎泥下了面条,喝了满满一碗,晚上我们又给他...

20090706
昨天宝宝第一次吃虾,好像蛮喜欢吃的,开始吃了5个还没有吃够,后来又给他加了3个另外有菜花剁成碎泥下了面条,喝了满满一碗,晚上我们又给他买了条黄鳝,用油煎了煎,加大米稀饭又喝了半小碗.
今天吃的肉比较多,听说吃黄鳝可以补气,宝宝出虚汗,可能是气不足.
晚上有点凉,给他穿了我的短袖,另外把单子折成4层盖上再加上一个睡衣.晚上3点多醒来,给他冲了60毫升奶粉没有喝又睡着啦,早上5点50左右又醒来啦,吃了几口奶又睡着啦,不过好像有做梦有时在哭. 收起阅读 »

怀孕女子因未帮男友按时"收菜"被抛弃(图)

核心提示:一名怀孕女子因为凌晨三点熟睡没有起来帮男友的开心农场收菜,男友和其大闹三天,并决意分手。 昨日,罗小姐正看着男友小科的“菜园”。...

核心提示:一名怀孕女子因为凌晨三点熟睡没有起来帮男友的开心农场收菜,男友和其大闹三天,并决意分手。




昨日,罗小姐正看着男友小科的“菜园”。 钟志兵 摄
“凌晨三点,没有起来帮男友的开心农场收菜,他竟然和我大闹三天,并决意和我分手。我不得不打掉怀了两个月的小孩。QQ开心农场不是我的开心之所,是我的伤心坟墓,我再也不玩开心农场了。”昨日,家住江北区的罗小姐告诉记者,男友小科(化名)现在又想和好,她不知道该怎么办。
男友迷上“偷菜游戏”
罗娟说自己很想不通,男友为那点小事竟然和她分手,得知小孩打掉了,他又成天打电话来想和好。
恋爱4年,平时两人感情很好,小科一直很迁就她,从不会因为一丁点小事吵架,但自从玩起“开心农场”游戏,小科就特别沉迷。“一天下来,再苦再累,他都会把闹钟调好,等到果实成熟,起来把菜收了才能安心入睡。”罗娟告诉记者,她在南坪某装修公司搞销售,小科则在江北某工厂上班。
熟睡忘了收菜被抛弃
罗娟说,开通QQ开心农场一个月,她发觉这游戏很费时间,如果不及时收菜,果实转眼就遭偷走,会影响一天的心情。“小科就不一样了,着迷得不得了,成天只想到收菜、偷菜。”罗娟说,小科上个月上夜班,就要求她定好闹钟帮忙管农场。因为自己怀了孕,再加上前些天确实太累,有一天闹钟没闹醒,次日小科发现菜不但没收,还被偷了不少,就和她大吵大闹,最后竟然提出分手。
男友想戒游戏换原谅
小科告诉记者,开心农场让他爱不释手,每天沉浸在辛勤播种、等待开花、结果、收菜的快乐中,那种心情难以言喻。“本来我们说好,我负责种菜,她负责收菜、偷菜,结果她连续几天都忘了自己的职责。现在想想,我也是把游戏当真了。”小科连连叹气,后悔不已,他已向罗娟道歉,希望她能原谅自己,重新和好,只要她愿意回来,他以后不玩开心农场就是了。
室友怪两人都太任性
“本来我怀上他的骨肉已经2个月了,还打算在今年内与他结婚,既然他宁愿选择游戏,没办法,只好堕掉。”罗娟哭着告诉记者,4年的感情还抵不过一场游戏。罗娟拿出她在医院堕胎的病历给记者看。和他们合租房的成田(化名)告诉记者,那两个人都才22岁,都不懂事,小科太痴迷游戏,而罗娟不声不响地就去把小孩给堕了,现在两人悔得不行。
专家说法
必须重视“网络道德”
西南政法大学法学院院长陈忠林就此认为,当事人为了舒缓工作压力、摆脱孤独、满足成就感而痴迷网游,但又缺乏自我控制力,所以患上了“网游成瘾症”,并表现出常人难以理解的行为和心理。因此,需要社会加强对网游爱好者在网络道德等方面进行引导,让他们养成良好的心态,树立正确的生活观和工作观,将现实生活与虚拟世界分开,以免酿成悲剧。
新闻纵深
QQ农场引发“全民偷菜”
腾讯网北京总部一李姓高管昨日告诉记者,QQ空间《开心农场》是以农场为背景的模拟经营类游戏,游戏中,QQ校友玩家扮演一个农场的经营者,完成从购买种子到耕种、浇水、施肥、喷农药、收获果实再到出售给市场的整个过程。游戏趣味性地模拟了作物的成长过程,所以玩家在经营农场的同时,也可以感受作物养成、偷菜增加财富的乐趣,虽然起步比开心网稍晚,但由于腾讯拥有9亿注册用户,活跃用户也接近4亿,所以该游戏虽然还在公测期,但开通的用户保守估计也有1亿。 (本文来源:金羊网 ) 收起阅读 »

迷茫~

前些日子,和星聊起来 似乎到了一定阶段人总会迷失 而我,目前似乎正处于这阶段 终日的浑浑噩噩 似乎全身的力气被另一种不知明的力量所抽走 而这种力量的消...
前些日子,和星聊起来
似乎到了一定阶段人总会迷失
而我,目前似乎正处于这阶段
终日的浑浑噩噩
似乎全身的力气被另一种不知明的力量所抽走
而这种力量的消逝,是灵魂深处的
现在的我,迷失在黑夜的大海上,急需抓住一块浮木

美国质量学会关于14001解释的问与答

97-05.A1.R99-06QuestionMust objectives and targets be set which are explicitly r...
97-05.A1.R99-06QuestionMust objectives and targets be set which are explicitly related to the organization's commitment to pollution prevention or are the scope and content of objectives and targets solely at the discretion of the organization?组织的目标和指标是否必须明确的涉及污染预防的承诺及义务?或是组织的目标和指标的范围和内容可由组织单独制定。AnswerThis question refers specifically to the setting of objectives and targets, which is covered by Section 4.3.3 of the standard.该问题明确了其与组织的目标和指标制定相关,隐含于标准4.3.3部分。This question, responded to below, also raises the issue that one cannot read a particular sentence or section of the ISO 14001 standard in isolation from the other sections of the standard. There is an interrelationship between the requirements in some sections with the requirements in other sections. This question deals with one of those interrelationships.该问题答复如下,也引发了对于不能将ISO14001标准中的个别语句或部分内容与其他部分隔离的来理解。某些条款的要求与其他条款的要求之间是相关的。该问题涉及相关性的一种。Section 4.3.3 does not by itself require that the documented objectives and targets explicitly mention prevention of pollution. However, Section 4.3.3 does require the organization to take into account legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes when setting its objectives and targets. It also clearly states that the objectives and targets “shall be consistent” with the organization’s environmental policy. The environmental policy, which is set by top management in writing and must be implemented and be made available to the public, must include commitments to the prevention of pollution. Therefore, while organizations have the discretion to set their own objectives and targets, they must do so within these parameters.4.3.3条款自身要求文件化的目标和指标应明确涉及污染预防。但4.3.3要求组织在制定目标和指标时考虑法律法规要求和组织表明其遵守的其它要求。该条款还明确的表明了目标和指标应与组织的环境方针“协调一致”。环境方针由最高管理者制定,并且予以实施,为公众所获取;必须包括污染预防的承诺。因此,组织可以自己决定其目标和指标,但必须在这些参考项目的范围内制定。In addition, Section 4.3.3 is not the only section of ISO 14001 where the concept of prevention of pollution is addressed. The following sections of ISO 14001 are also relevant:此外,4.3.3条款也并非ISO14001中唯一表现污染预防之处。以下一些部分亦有相关的内容。• Section 4.2 Environmental Policy As noted earlier, the top management is required to define the organization’s environmental policy which, among other requirements, must include commitments to prevention of pollution, and this policy must be implemented and maintained. Section 4.2 states: “Top management shall define the organization’s environmental policy and ensure that it... includes a commitment to...prevention of pollution; …is documented, implemented and maintained and communicated to all persons working for or on behalf of the organization...” 4.2环境方针 如前面所述,要求最高管理者制定组织的环境方针,环境方针中应包括污染预防的承诺,方针必须得到实施和保持。4.2条款要求“最高管理者应制定组织的环境方针并确保……包括承诺……污染预防;……应形成文件,实施和保持,并且向为组织工作或代表组织进行工作的人员传达。• Section 4.3.2 Legal and other requirements An organization must have a procedure for identifying and having access to legal and other requirements applicable to its environmental aspects. Section 4.3.2 states: “The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to applicable legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes...related to its environmental aspects.” 4.3.2 法律法规和其它要求 组织必须具有识别和使用法律法规和适用于组织的环境影响的其它要求的程序。4.3.2 要求“组织应建立,实施和保持识别和使用适用法律法规要求和其它组织表明其遵守的与其环境影响相关的其它要求”• Section 4.4.6 Operational Control Documented operational controls must be established and maintained where their absence could lead to deviations from the environmental policy and the objectives and targets. Therefore, documented operational controls are necessary where their absence could lead to a deviation from the commitment to prevention of pollution. Section 4.4.6 states: “The organization shall identify and plan those operations that are associated with the identified significant environmental aspects consistent with its environmental policy, objectives and targets, in order to ensure that they are carried out under specified conditions by a) establishing, implementing and maintaining a documented procedure to control situations where their absence could lead to deviation from the environmental policy, objectives and targets...”. 4.4.6 运行控制 对于缺少文件会导致偏离环境方针和目标指标的过程,应建立并保持运行控制文件。因此,对于那些缺少了文件就可能导致有悖于组织承诺的污染预防的结果发生的程序,建立并保持文件化的运行控制程序是必要。4.4.6部分:“组织应对环境方针、目标指标所涉及的重要环境因素的运行进行识别并策划,以确保其在a)指定的条件下实施:a)建立、实施和保持文件化的程序以对那些缺少了文件可能会导致偏离环境方针、目标指标的活动进行控制……”。 Section 4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective action and preventive action Procedures need to be established, implemented, and maintained to correct nonconformities. Section 4.5.3 states: “The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for dealing with actual and potential nonconformity(ies) and for taking corrective action and preventive action.”条款4.5.3不符合,纠正措施和预防措施 应建立、实施和保持程序,以对不符合进行纠正。条款内容“组织应建立、实施和保持程序以对实际发生的不符合或潜在的不符合进行处置,采取纠正措施和预防措施。Note: The above Q&A originally related to both compliance with regulatory requirements as well as prevention of pollution. The discussion on compliance with regulatory requirements has been moved to the subsequent Q&A 99-03.A1. 注:以上问答最初涉及的是对相关要求和污染预防的符合性。对于相关要求的符合性的讨论已移至后面Q&A 99-03.A1。97-05.A2QuestionIs Section 3, Terms and Definitions, binding and, if so, may an auditor determine whether "appropriate" objectives and targets have been set to meet the requirements of definitions 3.9 and 3.12?第3部分 术语和定义,是否可以作为审核员判定组织是否已建立适宜的目标和指标并符合3.9和3.12定义要求。AnswerThe Introduction to Section 3, Terms and Definitions states: “For purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.” The only section of ISO 14001 against which an organization’s conformance is audited is Section 4, EMS Requirements, the terms of which are clarified by the Definitions in Section 3. With regard to objectives and targets, an auditor is limited to assessing whether the organization conforms to the requirements specified in Section 4.3.3. If documented objectives and targets are consistent with the environmental policy, and their development has taken into account or considered the issues listed in paragraph three of Section 4.3.3, objectives and targets are consistent with the standard.导言第3部分,术语和定义:“以下术语及定义适用于本文件”。ISO14001中仅有第4部分,环境管理体系,及在第3部分定义中作出解释的术语是针对组织的符合性。关于目标和指标,审核员对其的评定受限于组织对4.3.3中列明的要求的符合性。如果文件化的目标和指标与环境方针是相关联的,并且其进展已考虑了4.3.3第三段中所列明的问题,即目标和指标应与标准相适宜。Note: Clarification 97-05.A3 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard and is not included here注: 解释 97-05.A3对于ISO 14001:2004 标准无效,在此不再包括。97-05.A4QuestionDoes the requirement that the EMS "`be implemented" imply that, in addition to organizational responsibility, there must be individual job assignments and actual performance of assigned jobs?EMS实施的要求暗示组织责任外还有个人工作的指派任务和被指派的实际工作要完成?AnswerResponsibilities for implementing an organization's EMS are addressed in ISO 14001, particularly in Sections 4.3.3 a (responsibility for achieving objectives and targets - this section uses the term “relevant functions and levels” but does not address individual responsibilities), 4.4.1 (definition of roles, responsibility and authorities to facilitate effective environmental management and responsibilities of the designated management representative), 4.5.3 (responsibility for addressing EMS nonconformities - this section does not address individual responsibilities), and 4.6 (top management EMS review responsibility).ISO14001明确了组织EMS实施的职责,特别是4.3.3a(实现目标和指标的职责——“相关职能和层次但没有明确个人职责);4.4.1(作用、职责和权限)The phrase used throughout the standard, "`establish, implement and maintain," indicates that establishing a procedure, program, or other activity is not sufficient. It also must be implemented. Therefore, an EMS that conforms to ISO 14001 requirements will (a) assign responsibilities in conformance with the above referenced Sections and (b) ensure that such jobs are performed. If assigned jobs are not performed (i.e., implemented), the EMS will not be in conformance with stated requirements.97-05.A5QuestionIn determining whether the environmental policy is "appropriate to the nature, scale and environmental impacts of the organization's activities, products and services," is it relevant for an auditor to determine whether the scope of the policy covers all of the management units within the organization being audited?AnswerThe auditor must determine whether the policy is appropriate for all of those management units that are within the scope of the EMS. The sum of those units must be consistent with the Section 3.16 definition of an “organization.”97-05.A6QuestionDoes ISO 14001 imply some consideration by the organization of legal requirements for training of employees in establishing competence and training?ISO14001是否暗示(隐含)组织在确定人员能力和培训时应考虑符合法规要求对雇员作培训。AnswerISO 14001 in Section 4.4.2 requires the identification of training needs associated with an organization’s environmental aspects and its environmental management system. If an organization is legally required to provide certain kinds of training, such training should be identified as a "need."ISO14001的4.4.2要求培训需求的识别必须结合组织的环境因素及环境管理体系。如法律法规要求组织进行某些特定的培训,这些培训“需求”应予以识别。Note: Clarification 97-05.A7 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard and is not included here. 注: 解释 97-05.A7对于ISO 14001:2004 标准无效,在此不再包括。Note: Clarification 97-05.A8 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard and is not included here. 注: 解释 97-05.A8对于ISO 14001:2004 标准无效,在此不再包括。98-03.A1QuestionDoes Section 4.3.2 “Legal and other requirements” require that the “facility” (the relevant organization) must have its own direct knowledge of the environmental legal requirements that are applicable to its products in all countries into which they may be exported and not be able to rely on either a related corporate entity which sells the product in a foreign country or an independent importer customer to which it ships the product to have and apply such information?4.3.2“法律法规及其它要求”要求“机构”(有关的组织)必须对环境法律法规要求有自身的认识,是否适用于对于产品出口企业在所有国家生产的产品,是否不能依靠其在国外的销售商或转运其产品的进口商持有或来提供这些信息?AnswerThis question refers specifically to Section 4.3.2 which requires that “The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to applicable legal requirements…related to the environmental aspects”.此问题涉及4.3.2的特别要求“组织应建立、实施和保持程序以识别和确定与环境因素相关的适用的法律法规要求……”。Section 4.3.2 does require the organization to establish, implement and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to legal requirements that are applicable to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services. Specifically, with regard to products, the Standard does not specify geographic boundaries, nor how the identification and access requirement part of the Standard can be accomplished. It is up to the organization to establish its procedure as to how it will identify and have access to such legal requirements. This may depend largely on the scope of the EMS and the level of control or influence an organization can exercise over its products as stated in Section 4.3.1. If the organization defines its procedure as depending on outside organizations to assist it in meeting that requirement, then that is the choice of the organization. The Standard provides flexibility to the organization to define how such legal requirements will be identified and who will do it.4.3.2条款要求组织建立、实施和保持程序,以识别和确定适合于组织的环境因素法律法规要求,该环境因素与组织的活动、产品和服务相关。尤其是有关产品的,标准未有指定地理的分界,或识别和确认标准的部分要求怎样才是足够的。这取决于组织建立有关如何识别和确定这些法律法规要求的程序。这可能主要基于组织EMS的范围,和控制或影响的级别。99-03.A1Question:What is meant by the “commitment to comply” in Section 4.2(c) in ISO 14001?ISO14001标准4.2条款中的“承诺遵守”的含意是什么?Note: As stated in the footnote to 97-05.A1.R99-06 above, this question originally related to compliance with regulatory requirements. 注:按上述97-05.A1.R99-06脚注的规定,该问题通常与对其它要求的符合性有关。在编辑后在紧接着的下文的解释中,变成了表现修订的用词,仍持续ISO 14001:2004标准的宗旨。Within that context the following clarification, after editorial changes to reflect revised language, continues to be the intent of ISO 14001:2004 standard. The revised language in Section 4.2c of ISO14001:2004, however, clarifies that the commitment to comply not only applies to “legal requirements” but also to “other requirements to which the organization subscribes which relate to its environmental aspects”.ISO14001标准4.2C修订后,尽管声明组织承诺遵守的并不仅是“法律法规要求”,还有“组织签署的与其环境因素有关的其它要求”AnswerTo understand what is meant by the “commitment to comply,” the standard has to be read as a whole and the relationship between the relevant provisions of the standard understood. The relationship between ISO 14001 and regulatory compliance is addressed in a number of places in ISO 14001.要弄清楚“承诺遵守”的意思需要已经通篇阅读标准,并清楚标准中的相关规定之间的关联性。ISO 14001和适用法规的符合性的关联关系在ISO14001标准的许多地方都有说明。Section 4.2(c) requires that top management define a policy that includes a commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to which the organization subscribes which relate to its environmental aspects. This commitment must be reflected in the planning process (Section 4.3), implemented (Section 4.4) and maintained through the EMS. The organization must:4.2(c)条款要求最高管理者制定方针,方针要包括遵守适用的法律法规和组织签署要遵守的与其环境因素有关的其它要求的内容。该承诺必须在EMS整个过程得到反映,即贯穿于策划过程(4.3)、实施(4.4)和保持全过程。组织应:• Establish, implement and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to the applicable legal requirements, and to determine how these requirements apply to its environmental aspects. (Section 4.3.2) 建立、实施和保持程序以识别和确定适用的法律法规,并决定如何将这些要求应用于环境因素(4.3.2)• Establish, implement and maintain documented objectives and targets that take into account its legal requirements and are consistent with the policy commitment to comply. (Section 4.3.3) Compliance must be taken into account when setting objectives and targets, though objectives and targets do not need to include all compliance requirements. 建立、实施和保持文件化的目标和指标,目标和指标应考虑法律法规的要求并考虑符合方针承诺遵守的要求(4.3.3)。在设定目标和指标时必须考虑符合性,但是目标和指标不必包括所有的应遵守的要求。• Establish, implement and maintain programs to achieve objectives and targets, including those relating to compliance with legal requirements. (Section 4.3.3) Programs must describe who is responsible for achieving the objectives/targets and how and when they will be achieved. 建立、实施和保持方案以完成目标和指标,包括相关的应遵守的法律法规的要求(4.3.3)。方案必须描述完成目标和指标的责任人及目标指标如何完成及何时完成。• Establish, implement and maintain documented procedures necessary to achieve the policy commitment to comply and compliance-related objectives and targets. (Section 4.4.6). Procedures may be necessary to meet compliance requirements that have not been explicitly identified in the objectives and targets. 建立、实施和保持文件化的程序是必要的,以达到方针承诺遵守的要求及目标和指标遵守的要求(4.4.6)。该程序对于组织达到符合应遵守目标指标未明示的、隐含的要求是必需的。• Make persons working for or on behalf of the organization aware of the procedures that apply to them, which would include those procedures related to compliance developed pursuant to Section 4.4.6. (Section 4.4.2). Those persons whose work can cause the organization’s significant environmental impacts must be competent based on training, qualifications, education and/or experience. The organization shall identify training needs associated with its environmental aspects and its EMS, and provide training or take other action to meet these needs. To the extent that such work also involves legal requirements, such persons training and competence must also cover the capability to meet those requirements. 给为组织工作或代表组织工作的人明白他们要用到的程序,包括按4.4.6(4.4.2)要求建立的相关程序。对于其活动会对组织产生重大环境影响的职员,必须是能够胜任的,可以通过培训,资格限定,教育和/或经验来确定其胜任。组织应识别与其环境因素和EMS有关的培训需求,提供培训或采取其它的方式来满足该需求。就此方面而言,该工作还包括法规要求,培训人也必须具备满足要求的能力。• Establish, implement and maintain a procedure to periodically evaluate compliance with legal requirements. (Section 4.5.2.1). These are the legal requirements identified pursuant to Section 4.3.2. 建立、实施和保持程序,以周期性进行合规性评价(4.5.2.1)。该活动是4.3.2法律法规要求识别的后延。• Establish, implement and maintain a procedure for periodically conducting EMS audits, which necessarily include those elements of the EMS that are compliance-related. (Section 4.5.5). 建立、实施和保持程序,以对EMS进行周期性审核,应包括与合规有关的EMS原理的必要内容。• Establish, implement and maintain a procedure for dealing with actual and potential nonconformities and for taking corrective action and preventive action. (Section 4.5.3). Detected non-compliance with legal requirements must be corrected. 建立、实施和保持程序,以处置实际发生的不符合和潜在不符合,采取纠正和预防措施(4.5.3)。发现对法律法规要求的不符合必须纠正。Taken together, these provisions mean that an organization implementing ISO 14001 must systematically identify and manage its compliance obligations in line with the commitment to comply. This system must include the components listed above and be properly supported with adequate resources and defined responsibilities (Section 4.4.1), be documented (Sections 4.4.4 and 4.4.5), measured/monitored, evaluated, and audited (Sections 4.5.1, 4.5.2, and 4.5.5) and have records created and maintained sufficient to demonstrate conformance to these requirements (Section 4.5.4). The top management commitment to comply is buttressed by the requirement that top management periodically review the adequacy and effectiveness of the EMS (Section 4.6).总体来说,这些规定说明组织在实施ISO14001时必须系统的识别和管理其承诺需要遵守的义务。该系统必须包括以上列明的内容,且提供必要的资源,划分职责(4.4.1),制定文件(4.4.4、4.4.5),测量和监视,评价和审核(4.5.1、4.5.2、和4.5.5)并建立了保持充分的证据证明对相要求的符合性(4.5.4)。最高管理者应周期性评审EMS有效性的要求是对组织最高管理者遵守承诺的支持。Therefore, the organization must implement a defined system capable of meeting the top management commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements. This does not mean that the implementing organization has to be in 100% compliance 100% of the time. The organization should not have non-compliance that rises to the level of a systems failure with respect to any of the required components of ISO 14001. Detected non-compliance must be corrected through a defined corrective action procedure. Further, compliance-related systems non-conformities that are detected must be corrected, even if those non-conformities have not resulted in actual non-compliance with the law.因此,组织必须实施一个可以符合最高管理者承诺遵守的相应法律法规要求的详细的体系。这不意味着组织必须100%的符合当时100%。组织不能会能导致ISO14001各部分要求系统性失效的不符合。察觉不符合必须通过纠正措施程序进行纠正。进而,有与符合性相关的系统性不符合必须纠正,即使这些不符合实际上暂未导致违法的后果。99-03.A2QuestionMust a regulated environmental aspect automatically be considered a significant environmental aspect?是否调整环境因素就需自动的考虑重大环境因素?AnswerNo. Section 3.6 states that “[a] significant environmental aspect has or can have a significant environmental impact.” ISO 14001 does not establish the criteria for determining significance.否,3.6条款说“a.重要环境因素产生或可能会产生重大环境影响”ISO14001未建立确定环境因素重要程度的准则。Note: Clarification 99-03.A3 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard and is not included here.99-03.A4QuestionMust each objective have a measurable target? Or can an organization have an objective without a measurable target?每个目标都必须有可测量的指标吗?或者组织可以有未设测量指标的目标?AnswerYes, each environmental objective must have at least one measurable environmental target. The definition of environmental target (Section 3.12) states, "Detailed performance requirement … that arises from the environmental objectives and that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives.” Furthermore, Section 4.5.1 relating to Monitoring and Measurement states that the organization must "establish, implement and maintain a procedure to monitor and measure… The procedure shall include the documenting of information to monitor ... conformance with the organization's environmental objectives and targets." Consequently targets must also be measurable.是的,每个环境目标必须有至少一个可测量的环境指标,环境指标的定义(3.12)“具体执行要求……由环境目标引出,为达到环境目标必须要设定。”另外,4.5.1有关监视和测量中的要求,组织必须“建立,实施和保持程序来监视和测量……程序应包括监视的信息证据……对组织的环境目标和指标的符合性证据。”因此指标必须是可测量的。Note: Clarification 99-03.A5 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard is not included hereNote: Clarification 99-03.A6 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard and is not included hereNote: Clarification 99-03.A7 is not valid with regard to the ISO 14001:2004 standard and is not included here.02-03.A1QuestionDoes ISO 14001 section 4.5.5 require that the organization conduct its internal EMS audit on an annual basis? ISO 14001 4.5.5条款要求组织每年进行环境管理体系的内部审核?AnswerNo. Section 4.5.5 requires an organization's environmental management system audits to be conducted at planned intervals. Since the phrase "at planned intervals" is not defined by ISO 14001, these audits may or may not be conducted on an annual basis.不。4.5.5条款要求组织按计划的时间间隔进行环境管理体系的内部审核。因为ISO 14001并没有定义“计划的时间间隔”,可以或不可以每年进行内部审核。02-03.A2QuestionDoes ISO 14001 section 4.5.5 require that the organization conduct its internal EMS audit on an annual basis covering all elements (i.e. full scope) of the ISO 14001 standard? ISO 14001 4.5.5条款要求组织每年进行内部审核覆盖ISO 14001标准所有要素(即,全部范围)吗?AnswerThis question is in two parts. The first part asks whether ISO 14001 requires an annual audit. See the response to 02-03.A1 for the answer to that question. The second part asks whether an internal EMS audit must cover all elements of ISO 14001 during the audit. The Environmental Management System audit program shall be based on the environmental importance of the activity concerned and the results of previous audits. In order to be comprehensive the audit procedures, according to ISO 14001, shall cover the audit criteria, scope, frequency and methods, as well as the responsibilities and requirements for planning and conducting audits, reporting results, and retaining associated records. ISO 14001 does not require that all elements of ISO 14001 be audited each and every time an audit is conducted, nor does it require that every single element be audited within a one-year period but rather shall take into account the various factors described above. In addition, in determining its environmental management system audit program and procedures, the organization should consider the purpose of the audit, i.e., to determine whether or not the environmental management system 1) conforms to planned arrangements for environmental management including the requirements of this International Standard; and 2) has been properly implemented and is maintained. These factors should be taken into account by the organization in determining the necessity for auditing all elements of ISO 14001 (a) annually, or (b) each and every time an audit is conducted, or (c) over a period that exceeds one year. 这个问题有两个部分。第一个部分是问ISO 14001是否每年进行内部审核。见02-03.A1的答案。第二个部分是问环境管理体系的内部审核时是否必须覆盖ISO 14001标准的全部要素。环境管理体系应基于相关运行的环境重要性和以为审核的结果。根据ISO 14001,为保证全面性,审核程序不仅要覆盖策划和实施审核及报告审核结果、保持相关记录的职责和要求,还应覆盖审核准则、范围、批次和方法。ISO 14001不要求每次审核时都审核ISO 14001的所有要素,也不要求在一年内审核每一个因素,但应考虑上述不同的因素。另外,在制定环境管理体系审核方案和程序时,组织应考虑审核的目的,即明确环境管理体系是否1)符合组织对环境管理工作的预定安排和本标准的要求2)是否得到了恰当的实施和保持。在明确a)每年b)每次进行审核c)超过一年时间时的审核ISO 14001所有要素时,组织应考虑这些因素。04-03.A1QuestionIs it permissible for a small organization to declare that they have no Significant Aspects and still be conformant to the ISO 14001 standard?对于小型组织声称没有重要环境因素且符合ISO 14001标准,这样容许吗?AnswerAlthough there is no explicit requirement in ISO 14001 that an organization will identify one or more significant environmental aspects, there is an underlying assumption that the organization will do so. The intent of the requirement to determine those aspects that an organization considers significant is to enable the organization to focus attention and resources on its most important environmental aspects, recognizing that not all aspects require or deserve the same degree of management. ISO 14001 does not define “significance” nor does it identify any external or absolute standard for what will be considered significant. Significance is intended to be a relative term. What is significant for one organization may not be for another, and what an organization considers a significant aspect may change over time. The use of ‘significance’ in ISO 14001 was intended to be an aid in managing a range of environmental aspects.尽管ISO 14001没有明确要求组织识别一个或多个重要环境因素,但其隐含的假设前提是组织应识别出重要环境因素。组织明确重要环境因素的要求的意图是确保组织关注于并将资源集中于最重要的环境因素,并认识到并不是所有的环境因素需要或应该得到相同的控制程度。ISO 14001没有定义“重要的”,也没有识别任何外部或绝对的确定什么是重要环境因素的标准。重要的是相对的概念。对一个组织是重要的环境因素,对另外一个组织则不一定是,而且组织考虑一个重要环境因素可能随着时间是变化的。ISO 14001中使用“重要的”是试图在管理环境因素范围方面提供帮助。There is no special category of requirements in ISO 14001 for “small” organizations. The requirements for an ISO 14001 EMS, including those regarding significant aspects, are intended to apply to “…all types and sizes of organizations…”ISO 14001标准中没有特别针对“小型”组织的目录。ISO 14001环境管理体系要求,包括那些视为重要环境因素方面,适用于“所有类型和规模的组织”PART II:The questions and answers shown in Part II were developed as clarifications of the ISO 14001:2004 standard. One should not infer that these clarifications are valid with regard to the ISO 14001:1996 standard.05-05.A1QuestionElement 4.2 Environmental Policy states, ‘top management shall define the organization's environmental policy and ensure that, within the defined scope of its EMS, it...’ Does this mean that the policy statement must now include wording from the scope statement to link the operations of a location to the policy statement?4.2环境方针中要求“最高管理者应制定组织的环境方针,并确保其在组织EMS定义的范围内……”,是否就意味着方针描述中必须包括EMS声明的范围?AnswerNo. The revised standard requires that an organization define and document the scope of its EMS (Section 4.1) and that top management define an environmental policy (Section 4.2). However, there is no requirement in ISO 14001:2004 that an organization include specific wording from its EMS scope statement within its environmental policy.否,修订的标准 要求组织需确定EMS范围,并形成文件(4.1),并由最高管理者来制定环境方针(4.2)。然而,ISO14001:2004中并无组织环境方针中须含有表述EMS范围的文字。As used in Section 4.2, the phrase ‘within the defined scope of its environmental management system’ is intended to promote consistency between the scope statement and the environmental policy. In particular, this phrase reinforces the concept that the policy must be appropriate to the nature, scale and environmental impacts associated with the full range of activities, products and services covered by the EMS scope. It is not necessary to include wording from the scope statement in the policy.就4.2条款的应用来说,“在环境管理体系定义的范围内”意在促进环境方针与体系范围的连贯性,05-05.A2QuestionIs there an expectation in ISO 14001:2004 that compliance with ALL applicable legal and other requirements will be assessed for ALL environmental media over some time frame (e.g., every 3-5 years), or are periodic compliance assessments on a sampling basis (selected based on the environmental importance of activities, history of noncompliance, and other factors) considered adequate?ISO 14001:2004是否有要求组织定期性(如,每3-5年)评审其所有环境有关的(媒体方面)表现对适用的法律法规和其它要求的符合性,或周期性经充分考虑抽取样本来评估期其符合性(该选择基于其环境活动的重要程度,过去的审核情况及不符合,和其它一些因素)。AnswerISO 14001 requires the organization to periodically evaluate compliance with all applicable legal requirements (Clause 4.5.2.1) and other requirements to which an organization subscribes (Clause 4.5.2.2) related to its environmental aspects. It does not specify a particular methodology or frequency for doing so. Periodic compliance assessments performed on a sampling basis may satisfy this requirement if, taken together, they cover all applicable legal and other requirements over a period defined by the organization.ISO 14001要求组织周期性评价所有适用其环境因素的法律法规和组织声明赞成的其它要求的符合性(条款4.5.2.2)。标准未明确指出实施该周期符合性评价方法或频率。基于抽样的周期符合性评价是否能够满足这个要求,取决于在定义的周期内是否覆盖了所有组织适用的法律法规和其它要求。05-05.A3QuestionCompany A out-sources part of their production operations (e.g., parts metal coating or painting) to Company B. Company B is a separate company located in a different city/state/country. Is Company B considered “persons working for or on behalf of” Company A? If so, what does ISO 14001:2004 require Company A to do regarding ensuring the competence of Company B? What does ISO 14001:2004 require Company A to do regarding identifying training needs for Company B employees?公司A产品生产过程中部分工生产是由B公司外部协作的(如:部分的电镀或上漆)。B公司是位于不同的城市/州(省)/国家独立的公司。B公司是否考虑A公司是“为组织工作或代表组织工作的人”?如果是,ISO 14001:2004对公司A如何确保公司B的能力有何要求?ISO 14001:2004要求公司A应如何识别公司B的雇员的培训需求?AnswerThis question arises from the use of a new term in ISO 14001:2004 not used in the 1996 version, namely “persons working for or on behalf of” an organization. This phrase, or the slightly modified version “persons performing tasks for it or on its behalf”, appears in three places in the normative clauses of ISO 14001: 2004:该问题系由于ISO14001:2004中与ISO14001:1996不同的新术语的使用,即 “为组织工作或代表组织工作的人” 。该用语或由其的改进版“担负组织工作任务或代表组织利益的人”在 ISO 14001: 2004:标准中出现了3次1. the organization’s environmental policy must be communicated to persons working for it or on its behalf (Section 4.2(f)) 必须安排“为组织工作或代表组织工作的人”就组织的环境方针进行沟通;2. the organization must ensure that persons performing tasks for it or on its behalf that have the potential to cause a significant impact identified by the organization are competent, (Section 4.4.2) , and对其识别的那些可能有潜在重大影响的工作,组织必须确保从事该工作的“担负组织工作任务或代表组织利益的人”是能够胜任的;3. persons working for or on behalf of the organization must be made aware of certain key provisions of its EMS (Section 4.4.2, a-d). 为组织工作或代表组织工作的人必须知道EMS的相关规定。The phrase “working for or on behalf of” is not defined in ISO 14001:2004. The organization implementing the EMS determines who those persons are, based on the activities, products, and services within the scope of the EMS established by the organization. The overall intent of the phrase is to ensure the organization looks beyond its direct employees and considers other persons performing tasks within that scope when addressing policy, competence, and awareness requirements. The phrase “working …on behalf of” an organization is not intended to change any legal relationship between the organization and any individual.“为组织工作或代表组织工作” 在标准ISO 14001:2004中并无定义。组织在实施EMS时,根据其建立的EMS范围内的活动、产品和服务来决定“为组织工作或代表组织工作”究竟包括哪些人。其目的在于确保组织在选择方针、能力和需要掌握的要求时应不拘限于组织的直接雇员,还应包括在组织的EMS范围内承担工作任务的其他人员。“代表组织工作”并非意味着改变组织和个人间法定的关系。The phrase clearly covers an organization’s own employees, including contract and temporary employees. It also could apply to individual contractors, or individuals employed by contractors working for the organization or other suppliers of goods or services if those individuals are engaged in tasks within the scope of the organization’s EMS. Persons covered by this phrase will be determined by the organization on a case-by-case basis.该短语明确覆盖了组织的所有职员,包括签约的正式雇员及临时雇员。也可以应用于为组织工作的承包人、其它原料和服务的供应商单独的签约人,或单独的雇工,前提是该人员所担负的工作任务包含在组织的EMS体系范围内。组织应确定该短语所涵盖的以上提及人员。The requirements for communicating policy and ensuring awareness of key EMS provisions apply to all persons performing tasks for or on behalf of the organization within its EMS scope. The requirements related to competency, however, apply only to a subset of such persons: those performing tasks which have the potential to cause one or more of the organization’s significant environmental impacts. For these persons, Section 4.4.2 requires that the organization ensure that they are competent (based on education, training or experience).组织应就其方针进行沟通,并确保雇员了解EMS的相关规定,该要求适用于EMS范围内所有为其工作的人员和代表组织工作的人员。对于人员能力的要求仅适用于以上人员中:其工作可能会对组织造成某些重大环境影响的人员。4.4.2要求组织确保这些人员是能够胜任的(基于教育、培训或经验)。Section 4.4.2 also requires an organization to identify training needs associated with its environmental aspects and its EMS. Although it does not explicitly require identifying training needs of persons who work “on its behalf”, such persons would be included if the tasks they perform are identified as requiring training. This section does not require the organization to provide training to such persons, but it does require that needs for training be identified and met. ISO 14001:2004 does not specify the method or processes that an organization must use to satisfy any of the requirements of Section 4.4.2.4.4.2同时还要求组织识别与其EMS和环境因素相关的培训需求。尽管标准中未明确的要求识别“代表组织工作”人员的培训需求,但应如果其承担的工作经识别需要培训则应包括在识别的范围内。该条款并未要求组织对这些人员提供培训,但要求培训的需求应予识别,且这些人员应符合能力要求。ISO14001:2004标准并未明确组织需采取何方法或过程来满足4.4.2条款的要求。In the example given in the question, Company A would need to determine whether there any tasks being performed by persons within Company B that are related to Company A’s environmental aspects of activities, products or services within its EMS scope. If so, Company A would need to implement some mechanism(s) to communicate its environmental policy to such persons and to make them aware of the particular EMS requirements related to these particular tasks (see Section 4.2.2 a-d). Company A also would need to determine if there are any tasks that can cause one or more of its identified significant environmental impacts that are being performed by persons within Company B. If so, Company A would be required to establish some means of ensuring that those persons are competent to perform those tasks. ISO 14001:2004 does not specify how this should be done. Company A has the discretion to establish a process that best suits its needs.以提问中举的例子为例,公司A需要确定公司B中是否有从事与A公司EMS范围内的活动、产品和服务中的环境因素有关的工作人员。如果有,公司A需设定方法来向以上人员传达环境方针,使他们明白与其工作相关的EMS的特殊要求(见4.2.2a-d)。公司A亦需确定由B公司承担的工作中是否有可能引起体系所识别的重大环境影响的工作。如果存在这样的工作,则公司A应要求建立相应的方法或手段来确保承担该项工作的人员是能够胜任的。ISO 14001:2004并未指明该方法应如何执行。公司A可视自身需要建立最适宜的程序。If the identification of persons working for or on behalf of the organization raises questions of potential legal liability, those should be addressed by the organization’s legal counsel.如果这些为组织工作或代表组织工作的人员的识别引发了潜在的法律责任,则需经组织的司法律师予以办理。05-08.A1QuestionIf a document of external origin is referenced in a document determined necessary by an organization for EMS planning or operational purposes, in what ways must such documents be "identified and their distribution controlled"? 如果组织的EMS策划和运行的必要文件中引用了源于外部的文件(资料),则这些文件应如何予以识别及发放控制?Answer This question refers specifically to Section 4.4.5 (f) which requires the organization to establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) that, among other things, ensures “documents of external origin determined by the organization to be necessary for the planning and operation of the environmental management system are identified and their distribution controlled”.该问题与4.4.5(f)相关,要求组织建立、实施和保持程序,另外应确保“如果组织的环境管理体系的策划及运行必须要引用外源性文件,则组织需对这些文件进行识别和控制其分发。The standard does not specify (a) particular way(s) to identify documents of external origin that are necessary or to control their distribution. It is up to the organization to define the procedure (or procedures) it will use. The intent of the standard is that the organization considers and decides if any external documents are necessary for the planning and operation of its EMS. If such documents are identified by the organization, the procedure(s) established must ensure that the information in such documents that is necessary to the EMS is the correct information and is available to those who need it. It is not the intention to require identification and controlled distribution of external documents referenced only for informational purposes. There is no specific requirement for a list of such documents. 标准未规定识别这些必要的外源文件及控制其分发的详细方法。由组织自行规定是由一个或多个程序来对其识别及分发实施控制。标准作如此要求的目的在于让组织考虑和确定对其EMS的策划和运行来说必要的外源性文件。如果组织识别了这样的文件,则已建立的程序应确保该文件中EMS必需的信息是最新的信息,并在必要的岗位可获得该文件。对于那些仅为情况报告性质的外源文件不需要识别和控制分发。标准对于该类文件未要求建立清单。The procedure for identifying and controlling distribution of external documents does not have to be the same procedure used for internal documents. The standard requires only the identification and control of distribution of documents of external origin and does not require the same degree of control for such documents as it does for internal documents that are part of the EMS. 05-08.A2QuestionIf an organization verifies the proper functioning of monitoring and measurement equipment used in environmental management, is there an obligation on the part of the organization to retain associated records?"如组织对于其环境管理使用的设备的监视和测量的特性进行了验证,是否还需保留相关的记录?AnswerThis question refers to clause 4.5.1, which requires an organization to “ensure that calibrated or verified monitoring and measurement equipment is used and maintained”, and to “retain associated records.” This requirement must be read in combination with the requirement in Clause 4.5.4 that the organization “establish and maintain records as necessary to demonstrate conformity to the requirements of its environmental management system and of this International Standard, and the results achieved.” The intent of ISO 14001:2004 is that an organization must establish and maintain records that demonstrate it has met the requirement to use calibrated or verified measurement equipment when measuring key characteristics of operations that can have a significant environmental impact. In the example posed with this question, if the flowmeter is monitoring a key characteristic identified by the organization, records demonstrating that the organization has ensured that it is calibrated or verified must be established and retained. This requirement is not altered by whether or not the measurement is a legal requirement. 该问题与4.5.1相关,标准要求组织“监测设备应予校准并妥善维护”并“保存相关的记录”。该要求必须与4.5.4条款组织应“如有必要,组织应建立并保持记录,用来证明它满足环境管理体系和本标准的要求,并记录对程序的实施及取得的结果。” ISO14001:2004标准的目的在于要求组织在使用测量装置对可能造成重大的环境影响的运行活动的关键特性进行测量时,组织必须建立和保持记录来证实其校准或验证的测量装置符合要求。在此例中提到的问题,如果流量计作为组织对识别的关键特性的监测装置,则组织必须建立和保持证实该流量计经校准和检验的记录。无论该测量是否是法定必须的。05-08.A3QuestionIf an organization with an ISO 14001–conforming environmental management system chooses to include requirements that relate to occupational health and safety within its environmental management system and intend for them to be audited in accordance with an ISO 14001 certification/registration process, may auditors raise nonconformities related to occupational safety and health requirements included in the organization’s ISO 14001 system procedures in the context of the certification/registration process? (Note: Refer to the revised text in the Introduction, paragraph 12).如果一个符合ISO 14001环境管理体系标准的组织选择包括与职业健康与安全要求在内的环境管理体系,并打算按照ISO 14001认证/注册过程进行审核,审核员在认证/注册审核过程中可以依据包括在该组织ISO 14001体系程序内的职业健康与安全要求开不符合报告吗?(注:参见12段,介绍中修改部分)Answer The question of whether auditors may identify nonconformities related to occupational safety and health requirements that are included in an organization’s ISO 14001 system procedures during an ISO 14001 certification/registration audit, is an issue for the certification body / accreditation body. 审核员在认证/注册审核过程中是否可以依据包括在该组织ISO 14001体系程序内的职业健康与安全要求开不符合报告是认证/认可机构的问题That being said, the following qualifications are provided. 如前所述,提供如下限定条件• One can determine from the Scope (Clause 1) that ISO 14001 applies only to an environmental management system. 可以从范围(条款1)中确定ISO 14001只适用于环境管理体系• Clause 1 identifies seeking certification/registration of an ISO 14001 environmental management system by an external organization as a valid application. It does not stipulate any of the conditions of the certification/registration process, however. 条款1把寻求ISO 14001环境管理体系由外部组织进行的认证/注册被视为是合理的应用。但没规定认证/注册过程的任何条件。• Clause 3.8 defines an environmental management system as ‘part of an organization’s management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy and manage its environmental aspects’. 条款3.8明确作为组织管理体系一部分的环境管理体系被用于制定和实施组织的环境方针和管理环境因素• Clause 4.3.2, Legal and other requirements, covers “applicable legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes related to its environmental aspects”. Some requirements related to environmental aspects could also be occupational health and safety requirements. 4.3.2条款 法律法规和其他要求覆盖了“确定这些要求如何应用于组织的环境因素”。与环境因素相关的要求也可能是职业健康与安全的要求。Regarding the revision to the Introduction, the referenced paragraph was reworded to reflect current concepts of “aligned or integrated” management systems, and to acknowledge that system integration can apply to other management systems besides occupational safety and health. The exclusion of the specific statement, “Nevertheless, the certification/registration process will only be applicable to aspects of the environmental management system”, was intended to remove the implication that the standard had any authority over the certification process. It was not intended to change the limitation of the scope to aspects of an environmental management system.关于介绍部分的修改,对相关段落的文字进行了重新组织,以反映现代“合并或整合”管理体系的理念,并承认他体系整合可应用于其他职业健康与安全以外的管理体系。“认证/注册过程只适用于环境管理体系”的例外是试图消除本标准对认证过程的任何授权的暗示。并没有试图报告改变环境管理体系因素的范围的限制。
05-08.A4QuestionBased on Section 4.3.1 of ISO 14001:2004, would an organization control or be expected to influence environmental aspects in the following situations: 基于ISO14001:2004条款4.3.1要求,在下述情况下组织是否需要控制或期望对其环境因素施加影响• Would an organization’s headquarters (or corporate office) control or be expected to influence the environmental aspects of its operating facilities? 组织是否需要对影响其环境因素运行的总部(或法人机构)予以控制或施加影响?• Would an organization control or be expected to influence the environmental aspects of its suppliers, including contractors? 组织是否需要对与供应商或承包人有关的环境因素予以控制或施加影响?• Would a regulatory agency control or be expected to influence the environmental aspects of other organizations subject to its regulatory requirements? 代理机构是否需要对其环境因素有影响的其它组织予以控制或施加影响?AnswerClause 4.3.1 of ISO 14001:2004 requires an organization to identify the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services within the defined scope of its environmental management system “that it can control and those that it can influence.” This differs from the 1996 standard which used the phrase “that it can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence.” ISO14001:2004条款4.3.1要求组织在其EMS范围内识别其活动、产品和服务中的“能够控制和能够施加影响”的环境因素。与96版标准使用的“能够控制和期望施加影响”不同。The revised language removes one ambiguity in the 1996 version – some users incorrectly interpreted this phrase to imply that views of someone outside the organization must be considered when determining the environmental aspects the organization might influence. The intent of the new phrase in Clause 4.3.1 is to make it clear that the organization makes that determination. Furthermore, as in the 1996 standard, the organization is obligated to identify environmental aspects only for those activities, products and services that are within its EMS scope, which again is decided by the organization (see Clause 4.1). Of these environmental aspects, the organization must decide which it can control and which are not within its control. For those of its environmental aspects that it cannot control, the organization must decide if it can exercise influence over them 修订的用词改变了96版标准中不明确的地方——某些使用人错误的将其解释成暗示着当组织识别环境因素时必须考虑外部组织。新标准4.3.1意在对组织对环境因素的确定进行明确。更一进步说,96版标准要求组织仅对其EMS范围内的活动、产品和服务中的环境因素负有识别义务,另外在条款4.1中亦再次确定此说法。组织必须确定哪些环境因素是可以自行控制的,哪些是在组织以外进行控制的。对组织不能控制的环境因素,组织必须确定是否能对其影响予以演习。The Standard does not define criteria that an organization must use to determine its control of or influence over environmental aspects. It is up to the organization to make that determination, on a case by case basis, considering its own unique factors, such as its governance structure, legal or contractual authority, its policies, local or regional issues, its obligations and responsibilities to interested parties, technological issues and implications on its own environmental performance. What might be appropriate for one organization might not be appropriate for others. It is important to note that it is possible for two different organizations or two different organizational units to control or influence the “same” environmental aspect.标准未定义组织为确定其环境因素进行控制或影响的标准。其取决于组织考虑其过去发生过的情况,组织特有的特性,如组织的管理机构,法定的或协约的职权,组织的方针,地方或地区的问题,对相关方的义务和职责,技术问题及其相关的环境绩效。对某个组织来说是合适的东西对于其它的组织来说可能却并不合适。两个不同的组织或组织中两个不同的单元对相同的环境因素进行控制或施加影响。In summary, an organization is only responsible for managing its own environmental aspects (those arising from activities, products, and services within its EMS scope) and only those aspects which it can control or which it can influence. 在概述中,组织仅有义务管理自身的环境因素(源于自身EMS范围内的活动,产品和服务)且仅针对其能够控制或施加影响的环境因素。Regarding the three situations posed in the question: 针对问题中提及的三种情况:1. Determining “control and influence” within a corporation or other hierarchical organization. For purposes of identifying environmental aspects, the scope of the EMS is the key. It delineates the activities, products, and services from which environmental aspects might arise and for which the organization needs to consider its control or influence. 确定对法人机构或其它分支机构“控制和施加影响”。EMS的范围对环境因素识别至关重要。即描述组织需要考虑和控制的、组织的活动/产品和服务中可能引发的环境因素。If the EMS scope is restricted to corporate headquarters, the issue of control or influence pertains to the environmental aspects arising from headquarters’ activities, products and services. It may be that some environmental aspects are not within corporate headquarters control, but instead are controlled by an operating facility. In this case, corporate headquarters must consider whether it can influence those aspects that are within its scope and yet controlled by the operating facility. 如果EMS范围限于总部,则问题即在于对由总部的活动、产品和服务引发的环境因素控制或是施加影响。可能某些环境因素并不在总部控制的范围内,而是由运行部门来控制。在这种情况下,总部必须考虑是否能够对这些在EMS范围内但由运行部门控制的环境因素施加影响。If the EMS scope is restricted to one operating facility, the issue of control or influence pertains to that operating facility. It may determine that some environmental aspects are not within the operating facility’s control, i.e., certain aspects may be controlled by another operating unit (such as headquarters or an engineering department). The operating facility must consider whether it can influence those aspects that are within its EMS scope and yet controlled by another unit. 如果EMS范围限于某一运行部门,则问题即在于对相应运行部门进行控制和施加影响。可能取决于某些环境因素未包括在运行部门控制的范围内,如某些环境因素可能由其它的运行单位来控制(如总部或工程部)。运行部门必须考虑能够施加影响的环境因素是否在体系范围内,且由另外的单位来控制。If the EMS scope includes both headquarters and the operating facilities, both headquarters and operating facilities need to consider their collective control or influence over the aspects within the scope of the EMS. 如果EMS范围包括了总部及运行部门,则总部和运行部门均需考虑对其EMS范围内的环境因素集体控制或施加影响。2. Determining “control and influence” with regard to contractors and suppliers. An organization is not responsible for the environmental aspects of its contractors or suppliers; it is responsible only for its own environmental aspects. An organization may have environmental aspects associated with activities within its own EMS scope which are performed by contractors, or environmental aspects arising from materials or services purchased from suppliers. For such aspects, the organization must consider what control it might have, e.g. through contracts, and what influence it might have, e.g. through purchasing power. 确定对供方和合同方的“控制和施加影响”。组织没有义务对其合同方或供方的环境因素进行控制,仅对控制自身的环境因素负有义务。组织可能有在EMS范围内但由合同方来实施的活动而生产的环境因素,或由供方提供的材料或服务引发的环境因素。对于这类环境因素,组织必须考虑如何控制(如通过合同),及如何影响(如通过采购权力)。3. Determining “control and influence” for a regulatory agency. When a regulatory agency identifies environmental aspects associated with its activities, products, and services, it must consider the same issues as other organizations; that is, it must determine the extent of control or influence it has over the identified aspects. It is clear that such an agency may influence or even be perceived to control some environmental aspects associated with organizations that it regulates. The important point is defining the regulatory agency’s environmental aspects that arise from the activities (e.g., setting water quality standards), products (e.g., discharge permits), and services (e.g., inspection) within its EMS scope. Deciding which aspects are under the agency’s control or influence follows the same logic as for other organizations. 确定对相关的代理机构“控制和施加影响”。相关的代理机构在识别与其活动/产品和服务有关的环境因素时,必须考虑与其它组织相同的问题;必须确定其识别的环境因素的控制或影响的范围。这样的代理机构可以影响或识别,以控制EMS范围内某些与组织的产品(如流通许可证)和服务(如检察)有关的环境因素。对于确定哪些环境因素应在代理机构进行控制或施加影响的考虑同其它组织。 05-12.A1QuestionDoes clause 4.3.2(b) mean that an organization must demonstrate a linkage, if any, between each aspect and its applicable legal and other requirements? If so, what documentation is required? 4.3.2是否要求组织必须证明其环境因素及适用法律法规间的关系?如果是,则需要何文件?AnswerClause 4.3.2(b) of ISO14001:2004 requires an organization to establish, implement and maintain a procedure to determine how legal and other requirements apply to its environmental aspects. With the inclusion of this new requirement, an organization not only must identify and have access to the requirements that pertain to its environmental aspects, but also know the manner in which these requirements are relevant to its environmental aspects. The intent is that the organization understands these requirements sufficiently to put processes in place to meet them. There is no specific requirement for establishing a “linkage” between each environmental aspect and the identified legal and other requirements. ISO14001:2004标准4.3.2要求组织建立、实施和保持程序来确定如何将法律法规和其它要求应用于组织自身的环境因素。该新要求包括,组织不但要识别和获取与环境因素有关的要求,还要知道与环境因素有关的要求的应用方法。意在要求组织能够充分理解这些要求,让程序可以适宜这些要求。标准对在各环境因素和识别的法律法规/其它要求间建立“联接”无具体的要求。Regarding d 收起阅读 »

惊险以及雨夜的繁华

惊险 风轻云淡的路途,似乎没有悬念。 工作一天后回家,无论路途多远,我都不心习惯开快车,我喜欢享受一天之后的清闲。 然后,一望无际的星空,一如...
惊险

风轻云淡的路途,似乎没有悬念。
工作一天后回家,无论路途多远,我都不心习惯开快车,我喜欢享受一天之后的清闲。

然后,一望无际的星空,一如我脚下的路,纵然是别人的失误,也会牵绊我的归途。
虎门大桥刚过,Y路口,(一条指向广州,一条是深圳)不经意间,前方有人变道,刹车已是不及,撞击,,,

等回过神来,我的第一感觉是庆幸,我的思想还清醒,我的生命犹在,我的身体毫发无损。
接受别人的道歉吧,我应该感谢上天对我的厚爱,只要我的生命还在,我就没有失去你。

散落满地的碎片,是我的心爱。
报警,报保险,等交警,抽烟,喝水,心神不宁,,,

别人开始报平安了,我的心中突然一颗硕大的泪珠滚动,此刻,车来车往,星星,象霜一样晶莹。
手机在手,号码熟悉,我多想告诉你,今夜,我也平安,,,



食无鱼,出无车,我甚至可以独享几天的清静。

在一种规律中寻找藉口,奢望如果可以触摸,请让我再次品味。
甚至,闭上眼,过往和未来都会微笑。

那也许只是寂静是,一厢情愿的梦想。
扁舟已过千年,誓言是摇曳路口的一束花,用毒汁浸泡的殷红,点亮午后寂静的窗口。
寂寞,在此刻,悠然一种繁华。

雨夜的繁华

没敢想象的雨夜,还有既往的繁华。
一种关怀,纵然千里之外,用一片空白,就能蒸成云的翅膀。

两支清酒,并不至我醉,行走在雨中,你的字字都是最美的诗行。
或者,只需一字平安,水天相接处,相思就是彼此的唯一。

一天劳累,此刻,你已安睡,咫尺也是天涯。
云层低垂,雨声滴答,香,泊桥边。

今夜的思念,繁华,没有万重山。 收起阅读 »

怎样解开中国企业库存的死结?

诺贝尔奖获得者、麻省理工学院教授保罗.萨缪尔森在其1984年版的《经济学》中提出了三个基本问题,至今被企业管理者奉若神明,其中第一个问题就是&qu...

诺贝尔奖获得者、麻省理工学院教授保罗.萨缪尔森在其1984年版的《经济学》中提出了三个基本问题,至今被企业管理者奉若神明,其中第一个问题就是"应生产何种产品?生产多少?即在生产者提供的大量商品和服务中,哪些会被消费者买走?" 世易时移,老萨的高论如今已不再适应新经济的要求。21世纪新经济下,作为企业首先要问的问题是"为谁提供产品?"如果你自己都不知道,那只能由你自己买单了。 所以,企业的一切活动并不是始于生产,而是始于订单。 什么是订单?订单就是用户的需求,计划是根据订单而来,而不是脑袋拍出来的;计划是以产定销,订单是以销定产,科研开发、物流采购、配送都是根据订单而来的。所以,海尔叫做"以订单信息流为中心"。实质上,说白了,订单与销售计划最大的区别是订单是有主儿的,而销售计划是无主儿的。始于生产计划的企业肯定要打价格战,始于订单的企业就可以打价值战。 我们已经没有理由对上百亿元的沉淀资金熟视无睹。2004年空调的库存超过1000万台,2002年彩电的库存也超过1000万台,如果按照每台产品2000元来计算的话,仅空调与彩电的沉淀资金就超过了400亿元。 一个明显的疙瘩挡道现象在不同的家电产品中间或出现:中国家电的每一个电器产品在经过高速的产能膨胀之后都会迅速堆积起一个巨大的库存疙瘩,然后这个行业就开始走不动了,整个行业都开始感受到这种高库存的沉重压力。为什么会出现这种现象?关键是没有有价值的订单,企业不知道在为谁生产产品,没有有价值的订单就丢失了定价权。 我们认为,用简单的供给过剩来解释这种行业的运行状况是不科学的或者是不完全的;单一的产权模糊难以成为疯狂价格战的成因。库存沉淀的背后是过时的需求,我们的供给与需求之间的差距越来越大。我们看到,实际从20世纪末开始,家电企业的定价权已经从供给方转移到消费者手中,很明显,中国家电业已经告别供给时代,全面进入需求主宰行业发展的时代。 在供给时代,我们担心的是自己的制造能力不足,很少考虑消费者的需求,在需求主导的时代,企业最重要的工作是找准需求,因为这是生活的方向。如果方向出现闪失,其他所有的行为都将给企业带来灾难,规模、质量、技术等所有环节与生产要素都将变得苍白无力;也就是说,会找需求并且快速变现需求成为了企业的必修课。 在2004新销售年度转换之时,海尔推出了一系列功能独到的产品,确实让消费者与竞争对手都感到了震撼:不要洗衣粉的洗衣机、给空气除菌的空调、可以自己录制节目的彩电、细分食物保存温度的冰箱。这是一种苗头?不,这是一种战略,一种需求导向型的战略:找到消费者的潜在需求,然后快速满足它。 基于供给的竞争是价格的拼杀,基于需求的竞争是价值提供的差异化。海尔的做法非常简单,把自己的架构朝向需求,从产品的功能差异与速度差异上为消费者提供独特的价值,把定价权从消费者手中要了回来。 企业未来面对的是"生活方式市场"而不是"经济细分市场"的预言已经在中国成为现实:来自中国问题空调的调查显示,健康成为市场选择空调的首要因素,而价格被排在了其他质量、服务等因素队伍之后。这一小小变化已经说明中国家电市场已经出现了质的变化。 经济细分市场是第一次世界大战后首次被斯隆发现的,它着眼于市场价值与期望的同一性及其社会经济的细化,通俗一点说就是用产品价格的高低来区隔消费群,这实际上是典型的供给时代的营销方式,价格在某种程度就等于需求,但是,当收入不再是一种购买的制约因素的时候,这种理论就开始不起作用了。 因此,在需求经济时代,企业应该问的是这种产品功能的市场如何而不是这种产品的市场如何,这实际上就是用需求的眼睛打量提供需求的企业是不是走对了路。 在目前的中国市场,生活方式市场已经出现,决定因素是消费者在很大程度上是自行选择价值和期望。生活方式是一个捉摸不定的概念,它不同于相对稳定的经济细分市场,而是相对模糊的、具有很强变动性的,这就需要企的运营导向进行彻底的调整,并让架构跟随需求,以便创造机会或者是在机会来临的时候可以以最快的速度抓住机会。 有差别的产品和服务几乎没有替代品,这使得需求更加缺少弹性并且更容易获得溢价;与此相反,想通过削减成本来盈利是很困难的。 中国的家电行业目前正处在寡头品牌诞生的前夜,一些大的集团已经把解困的方向放在了大规模的并购上,这样的做法看起来可以提高自己的市场占有率,但是,它的危险性越来越大,因为大规模生产可能无法占有市场份额,它导致的结果是更多过时产品的库存,供给时代的规模经济模式也不是出路而是死路。 其实,具有极大欺骗性的是,成本导向通常要求企业成为成本管理方面的领导者,而不是争夺市场地位的领导者,许多企业没有意识到这一点,因而犯了严重的错误。因此,我们认为,中国的家电企业在成本上也不要有过多的幻想,因为生产环节始终由高成本地区向低成本地区转移,当我们没有成本优势再去寻找退路的时候,已经成了羊全无而补牢了。其实,还不需要等到低成本把我们的优势拉走,即使在现在,身边的跨国企业已经拥有了与我们一样的成本优势了。 首先要考虑市场的需求是什么,然后是怎样比竞争对手更全面、更快地提供独特的产品以满足顾客的需求,这是产品提供者获得定价权利的关键。其实,我们企业的幻想还特别多,想通过低价格捞一把,规模经济抗一下,疯狂的广告帮一下,这些东西都是短暂的,必须面对需求进行彻底的组织架构的革命,把握需求的情报系统、研发模式、制造模式、采购模式、营销模式都必须改,还停留在供给时代的中国家电企业要改变的东西简直太多了。 收起阅读 »

生活

生活,就像空中飛翔的小鳥一樣, 時刻盲目,徬徨,無助, 時刻都在不停的哀鳴著... 不知該繼續往前飛還是該停下歇一會了... 生活中的我如同小鳥, 時...
生活,就像空中飛翔的小鳥一樣,
時刻盲目,徬徨,無助,
時刻都在不停的哀鳴著...
不知該繼續往前飛還是該停下歇一會了...
生活中的我如同小鳥,
時長反問自己,我是否太累了,是否該停下來了,是否不該屬於我的一切不該擁有了...

偷懒

上周就将所有的工作计划推到下一周,另外也不接新的业务.本来想去北京看一看.可仔细讨论过后,我还得继续思考一下. 计划变了就背了行李回到西乡,宅了...
上周就将所有的工作计划推到下一周,另外也不接新的业务.本来想去北京看一看.可仔细讨论过后,我还得继续思考一下.
计划变了就背了行李回到西乡,宅了两天, 本来想改一个培训教材,想改得生动好看一点,反过来说改花哨一点.上来几个培训班的同学,和我聊以后的工作开展.郁闷,想法很多,就不知能不能实现.生活就是这样的乱,烦.
明天准备和一人户外游的小组去玩溯溪,后天参加一个EAP论坛会,或许这和我以后走的路相关.

收起阅读 »

還有一個星期, 就回家了嘍~

還有一個星期, 就回家了嘍~ 回家看看, 常回家看看~
還有一個星期, 就回家了嘍~ 回家看看, 常回家看看~

家有米奇7-你是谁

周末回家,米奇瞪着好奇的眼睛,一脸的严肃,好像在说:“你是谁?” 我这个周末爸爸总会打乱他的生活,平常都是晚上九点左右,给他洗澡,然后就睡觉了...
周末回家,米奇瞪着好奇的眼睛,一脸的严肃,好像在说:“你是谁?”
我这个周末爸爸总会打乱他的生活,平常都是晚上九点左右,给他洗澡,然后就睡觉了,而周末的时候,我回到家,他总是在洗完澡之后,在妈妈的怀抱里扭头看看我,有时候笑笑,一直折腾到近11点才睡觉。
收起阅读 »

随感(之前那标题太煽情了)

很久没好好的写日志了,这会儿想认真的写点故事,却发现没了以前那种顺畅的文笔,无奈,我挤不出什么好句子来,,将就下啦~~~~ 上天真的很...
很久没好好的写日志了,这会儿想认真的写点故事,却发现没了以前那种顺畅的文笔,无奈,我挤不出什么好句子来,,将就下啦~~~~
上天真的很厚待我,我以为有了男朋友后,原来的那些朋友会一个个离开我,事实证明我错了,他们非但没有离开我,反而视我为最好的朋友、知已,真的很感谢他们,因为有他们存在,我可以拥有很多美丽的回忆及幸福的现在!
在对的时间里遇上对的人,这句话一点都不假,相遇的早不如相遇的巧,曾经我的日志里经常提到曾与李,那个时候在没遇到现在男友前,我是真的用心的喜欢过曾与李,可天意弄人,与他们还没有开始,命运将现在的男友赐给了我,而且从认识现在的男友后,我每天心态都很向上,开心快乐幸福时刻陪伴着我。
真的很感谢李,在知道我有了男友后还能衷心地祝福我,还能把我当妹妹样的关心着,时不时会来我们公司看我,然后一起吃饭聊天,但从来不肯让我付帐,弄的我几次都不好意思,我知道李对我的好,是出自真心真意的,而且只有友谊的情份在里面,今晚又欠他个大人情,下次见他无论如何都得我请他吃饭了……
而曾,虽然认识他有四年多,但我真的不了解他,他每次找我,看的出他眼中的不舍与不甘,当他看到我耳洞上插的是茶叶杆时,他很坚决的提出要给我买耳环,不过我区分不出他是真心还是假意,但我很清楚,我不会接受他如此贵重的礼物,他也有些极端,心情不好时会选择飙车来发泄,即使我在副驾座里他也这样说,但被我制止了。其实人都是有责任心的,当他说跟我错过了很多,不想错过一辈子,让我重新做选择时,我当场就告诉他已经晚了,来不及了,我没有的选择,我男朋友那么好的人,我舍不得伤害他……
当某人在他朋友/同学/亲人面前介绍我是他女朋友时,我就深信,这个男人是可以让我托付终身的,虽然他对我没有甜言蜜语,没有海誓山盟,但他的行动却在证明他很在意我,当我乘公交车会晕车时,他会说我抵抗力下降了,当我有次肚子疼的眼泪哗啦的流,他的心里也很难受,而从那次后,我只要打开他家的冰箱总能看到我最爱喝的畅优酸奶,我知道那是他特意为我准备的,虽然酸奶不贵,但这个小小动作让我很感动;不过当他挑毛病责备我时,那心里真不是个滋味,希望某人对我多点呵护,少些责备,经常夸我,才会越变越聪明的,不然会傻的~~~~~~
收起阅读 »

关于柏拉图累积折线的画法

如下数据表要绘制柏拉图,较好的方法是使用Excel(可参考『用Excel做柏拉图』一文) 不良内容 不良率 AA 0...

如下数据表要绘制柏拉图,较好的方法是使用Excel(可参考『用Excel做柏拉图』一文)




不良内容

不良率


AA

0.12


BB

0.01


CC

0.05


DD

0.02


else

0.015
若使用Minitab或JMP绘制柏拉图,其优点是不必提供累积折线数据,即可获得如下柏拉图(图1与图2)


注意图1的柏拉图其累积折线是从柱图的中点出发(若以Excel绘制也会产生这种现象),这样的图在运用上会出现错误判断之问题.

下面的图A与B说明这个问题


从图A观察,若要解决80%的问题影响度,从红色虚线观察,应解决AA + CC + DD部份,共三种不良项目待彻底解决,若以图B(Minitab图),从红色虚线观察,应解决AA+CC 二个项目(当然错误)





<FONT size= 收起阅读 »

劝君更尽一杯酒

老板好走,很想陪你多喝一杯,可惜未能单独为你饯行。如果有机会,我希望我会勇敢一些。默默地祝福你到HK能找到更好的工作。 KIKO,你回家就用心相夫教子吧...
老板好走,很想陪你多喝一杯,可惜未能单独为你饯行。如果有机会,我希望我会勇敢一些。默默地祝福你到HK能找到更好的工作。

KIKO,你回家就用心相夫教子吧,做个贤妻良母也不错。一直以为南国的城市如何如何,出来才知道还是家乡的那片净土更加让我留恋。有生之年,我还是会回到枣阳那生我养我的地方的。

LEMON,想说千万个谢谢,以后我的MENTOR不知道会是哪个,可能再也找不到像你这样热情好学的导师了。你家的女儿可爱又懂事,希望去东莞的时候能再见到她~~~

人生何处不相逢,或许在不久的将来,还能见到你们~~~
只是希望那时我们的笑容依然灿烂,我们的眼神依然明亮,cheers ~~~~
收起阅读 »

离别

面对这曾经相处的朋友们,泪水不停的在眼眶中打转,我原本以为这里没有我可以留恋的东西。可是在我离开的那一刻,我才真正知道,我不舍得这里朝夕相处的同事,...
面对这曾经相处的朋友们,泪水不停的在眼眶中打转,我原本以为这里没有我可以留恋的东西。可是在我离开的那一刻,我才真正知道,我不舍得这里朝夕相处的同事,才终于明白离别前的痛苦,人生最痛苦的事情也就是生离死别了,面对这么悲惨的一幕,我什么话都说不出,只能用眼泪来模糊自己的双眼,人们常说:天下没有不散的宴席:在多的话语也只能是表面的安慰,只有真正身临其境,才能知道感情的泪腺是很脆弱的。
在这里我只能祝福我亲爱的朋友们,期待我们重逢的一天,离开并不是结束,只是另一个美好事物的开始,也是寻找美好归宿的毕竟之路,这里毕竟不是我们的归宿。我们只是这座城市的过客,我不曾后悔来过这里,因为在这里让我成长了很多,坚强了很多,最重要的是相识了你们,我亲爱的朋友
无论在那里我都会祝福你们的,希望开心快乐永远伴随着你们
离去并不是结束,是寻找最美好的归宿! 收起阅读 »

【致青春】那些年我们一起看过的樱木

[flash=mp3] http://pan.baidu.com/share/link?shareid=414118&uk=21510029...

[flash=mp3] http://pan.baidu.com/share/lin ... 02906[/flash]



换个角度看问题,湖面与背水平接触


匆匆时光,现在儿子已经会走路说话啦









收起阅读 »

防蚊子有妙法

建议一:在床下点一堆干草建议二:把身上纹上壁虎建议三:在床头醒目位置写上:谁咬我谁是小狗建议四:抓一只活蚊子,残忍地将它解肢,全程录象,在床头24小时不间断播放...
建议一:在床下点一堆干草建议二:把身上纹上壁虎建议三:在床头醒目位置写上:谁咬我谁是小狗建议四:抓一只活蚊子,残忍地将它解肢,全程录象,在床头24小时不间断播放.建议五:弄一碗新鲜鸡血,旁边写上:已消毒,请放心饮用建议六:住在冰箱里。建议七:挂个蚊帐,在里面裸睡,挑逗蚊子,把它们急死建议八:在身上涂上一品鹤顶红,蚊子落到身上就被毒死建议九:喝得烂醉如泥,蚊子咬你不觉得疼,而且都会醉死建议十:和蚊子促膝长谈,让蚊子学习科学发展观,认清事物本质,晓之以理,动之以情 收起阅读 »

毛骨悚然的鬼事故

据美国《时代》杂志报道,这个世界上本不存在所谓的鬼,但闹鬼的传说却也屡见不鲜,尤其是鬼宅。而电影人更是经常拿鬼宅开刀,利用令人毛骨悚然的鬼事故吸引观众眼...


据美国《时代》杂志报道,这个世界上本不存在所谓的鬼,但闹鬼的传说却也屡见不鲜,尤其是鬼宅。而电影人更是经常拿鬼宅开刀,利用令人毛骨悚然的鬼事故吸引观众眼球。《时代》杂志对历史上出现的著名闹鬼地进行了一一点评,并评选出十大闹鬼地排行榜,具体榜单如下:
  1. 纽约海洋大道112号


这所房子位于美国纽约长岛高消费阶层居住区——阿米蒂维勒区海洋大道112号,是历史上著名的自灭满门案现场。1974年11月14日,23岁的小罗纳德·笛福(Ronald DeFeo Junior)正是在这里枪杀了他的父母以及4个弟妹。惨无人道的谋杀案发生后,有关这所凶宅的传说并没有就此画上句号,一年多之后,海洋大道112号再一次走进人们的视线。虽然明知道此处曾发生灭门惨案,但乔治·鲁茨(George Lutz)和凯西·鲁茨(Kathy Lutz)夫妇还是决定来看一看房子并最终买了下来,成为这处地产——包括一个面积4000平方英尺(约合371平方米)的房子、一个船库、一个温水游泳池、车库以及全间的地下室——的新主人。很快,他们就和自己的4个孩子搬了过来。
在描述发生在海洋大道112号的怪事时,乔治经常用到“反常”这个字。他后来回忆说:“一走进这间屋子,凯西的脸上便马上露出笑容。对于我们之前看过的所有房子,凯西从没有表现出这种态度。她的笑容告诉我,这就是我们梦寐以求的房子。”但就在搬过来不久,一系列怪异的事情发生了。
在一位好友的劝说下,鲁茨夫妇专门请牧师为他们的新家祈福。但牧师的工作显然没有发挥任何作用,这对受到“祝福”的夫妇此后经历了太多怪异的事情——重击声、难以捉摸的脚步声、随处可以闻到的神秘气味、从墙壁上渗出绿色类似凝胶的物质、马桶水倒流、成群的家蝇、从窗外窥视的眼睛等等。更为怪异的是,鲁茨一家的行为也出现异常——乔治经常生病、很多天不洗澡、体重下降;凯西一直做噩梦;4个孩子则经常打架。
随着怪事愈演愈烈,鲁茨夫妇决定暂时搬出去住,但决定离开的那个夜晚却成为他们在海洋大道112号度过的最后一夜。虽然很难解释清那天晚上到底发生了什么,但乔治表示:“对于那些经历过闹鬼的人来说,最困惑的事情就是无法让其他人弄明白到底发生了什么。那些事情无法用语言形容,也无法理解。当真正发生在你身上的时候,你已成为所有人眼中的怪物。”后来,鲁茨夫妇经历的所有怪事被超自然现象研究员、已故博士史蒂芬·卡普兰(Stephen Kaplan)打上“捏造”标签。卡普兰称,乔治的鬼故事太过离奇,很难令人信服,声称房子闹鬼可能源于他对超自然现象的一种痴迷,这种痴迷在搬进所谓的鬼屋前就已经存在于他的想法中。
收起阅读 »

如何制定质量考核制度?

1、考核什么内容?应当从四方面来考虑,建立目标值,针对目标建立考核指标: 1)顾客对产品要求和期望满意的内容。根据顾客要求和期望层层用QFD展开来确定...
1、考核什么内容?应当从四方面来考虑,建立目标值,针对目标建立考核指标: 1)顾客对产品要求和期望满意的内容。根据顾客要求和期望层层用QFD展开来确定对产品和过程的要求。再针对产品和过程的要求来确定考核的内容。特别要注意内部顾客的要求满意度。 2)财务数据考核。抓重点过程来考核返工率、废品率、关键设备利用率、工时利用率等等。确定重点考核内容。 3)过程的质量。过程能力指数、直通率、一次合格率等。要考核关键工序的内容。 4)员工能力提高的考核内容。联系实际工作业绩和培训有效性联系起来加以考核。 2、考核方法 1)从外面来的数据。顾客退回率、投诉次数、损失等。选择对自己业绩最关键的几项内容中确定考核方法。 2)从内部来的数据。不能只要求质量部门考核,要发挥下道工序对上道工序质量的考核。内部顾客(图纸使用单位对图纸质量的考核,材料使用单位对采购材料质量的考核) 3)利用各种记录,由专人负责统计汇总各种信息。然后,由各个有关主管人员认同后,公司汇总,及时公布。让操作者自己知道目标是什么?现在做到什么程度?是否存在问题?应当如何解决?如果不能解决,向谁报告,取得支持? 3、建立沟通渠道和公布信息用的“仪表板”要求把目标和实际执行信息定期(小时、班、天、周、月)公布。这样才能动态利用各种数据提供的信息。上下前后相互有共同的语言,向着使外部顾客满意的最终目标而共同努力。 4、要有指导小组负责指导定期分析,提出改进建议,有领导进行改进。用数据展示成绩。有个人的收益挂钩。持续改进。 5、当前存在的主要问题: 1)记录数据不真实。有虚假水分。这样的统计数据没有实用价值,反而是害群之马。让老实人吃亏。解决办法:教育和执行无惩罚的纪律。 2)记录中数据没有人分析,从中得到有用的信息,向有关人员、领导及时沟通。 3)当前只重视对过程结果——产品的数据,没有也不懂得对过程数据的收集和分析,更缺乏产生问题的源头——体系的数据收集和分析。 4)搞质量管理的人员只管检验把关,关心过程结果,不懂得如何利用数据来了解过程,做好预防。质量管理工具不会正确应用,没有能向领导及时提供有用的、有预测性的信息。实际上质量管理体系的作用没有发挥出来。更谈不上持续改进了。 5)领导没有重视。没有认识到数据对做决定的重要性,只是凭经验和直觉,只解决当前的救火的问题,没有注意到新的火苗在哪里发生 收起阅读 »

以前网友造出很多现代成语,比如:正龙拍虎,兆山羡鬼,秋雨含泪。现在又有新的了:谁

以前网友造出很多现代成语,比如:正龙拍虎,兆山羡鬼,秋雨含泪。现在又有新的了:谁死鹿手!!
以前网友造出很多现代成语,比如:正龙拍虎,兆山羡鬼,秋雨含泪。现在又有新的了:谁死鹿手!!

所谓幸福,其实就是当你忘记那些不愉快的事情后,感受到的生活。

所谓幸福,其实就是当你忘记那些不愉快的事情后,感受到的生活。
所谓幸福,其实就是当你忘记那些不愉快的事情后,感受到的生活。

论坛楼主:我得了健忘症怎么办?论坛回复:那岂不是很爽?每天早晨醒来发现睡在自己身

论坛楼主:我得了健忘症怎么办?论坛回复:那岂不是很爽?每天早晨醒来发现睡在自己身旁的都是不同的女人
论坛楼主:我得了健忘症怎么办?论坛回复:那岂不是很爽?每天早晨醒来发现睡在自己身旁的都是不同的女人

酸奶喝多了有什么害处

每天喝点酸奶已经成了很多人的饮食习惯。由于酸奶不需加热,喝起来方便,因此有人大量饮用,有人饿了以它充饥。但从营养的角度说,喝酸奶也讲究时间,喝多了还会给身体...

每天喝点酸奶已经成了很多人的饮食习惯。由于酸奶不需加热,喝起来方便,因此有人大量饮用,有人饿了以它充饥。但从营养的角度说,喝酸奶也讲究时间,喝多了还会给身体带来负面效果。※ 酸奶并非喝多少都不会胖它本身也含有一定的热量,如果在原有膳食基础上额外多吃,同样会引起体重增加。最好的办法是选择标有脱脂和低热量字样的酸奶,虽然它们的味道不如全脂酸奶那么浓郁醇厚,可是热量低,不会使热量在体内很快堆积而发胖。※ 酸奶并非老少皆宜胃肠道手术后的病人、腹泻患者以及1岁以下婴儿,都不宜喝酸奶。即使是健康成年人,也不能过量饮用,否则很容易导致胃酸过多,影响胃黏膜及消化酶的分泌、降低食欲、破坏人体内的电解质平衡。一般来说,每天喝两杯,每杯在125克左右比较合适。※ 饭后喝有利于吸收营养一般来说,饭后30分钟到2个小时之间饮用酸奶效果最佳。人在通常状况下,胃液的PH值在1—3之间;空腹时,胃液呈现酸性,PH值在2以下,不适合酸奶中活性乳酸菌的生长。只有当胃部PH值比较高,才能让酸奶中的乳酸菌充分生长,有利于健康。饭后两小时左右,人的胃液被稀释,PH值会上升到3—5,这时喝酸奶,对吸收其中的营养最有利。另外,如果在空腹状态下饮用酸奶,很容易刺激胃肠道排空,酸奶中的营养来不及彻底消化吸收就被排出;饭后喝则可减少刺激,让酸奶在胃中被慢慢吸收。※ 晚上喝补钙效果最好酸奶是食物中钙的良好来源,从补钙的角度看,晚上喝酸奶好处更多。因为晚间12点至凌晨是人体血钙含量最低的时候,有利于食物中钙的吸收。同时,这一时间段中人体内影响钙吸收的因素也较少。虽然牛奶中也含有很高的钙,但与它比起来,酸奶中所含的乳酸与钙结合,更能起到促进钙吸收的作用。不过,晚上喝酸奶时一定要记住,酸奶中的某些菌种及酸性物质对牙齿有一定的损害,喝完后应及时刷牙。※ 能促进肠胃蠕动、缓解便秘很多女性喜欢喝酸奶,一个重要的原因就是认为不管喝多少,都不会发胖。酸奶确实有一定的减肥效果,主要是因为它含有大量活性乳酸菌,能够有效地调节体内菌群平衡,促进胃肠蠕动,从而缓解便秘。而长期便秘和体重增加有一定的关系。再就是酸奶具有较强的饱腹感,轻微饥饿时喝一杯可以有效缓解迫切的食欲,从而减少下一餐的进餐量。 收起阅读 »

孤星泪

孤,莫非要表达的是一种孤独的心境,一种失落感到的痛苦。星,莫非要表达的是把自己比作天上的星星,透明,清晰,纯洁的样子。泪,莫非要表达的是自己的眼泪,也叫“星泪”...
孤,莫非要表达的是一种孤独的心境,一种失落感到的痛苦。星,莫非要表达的是把自己比作天上的星星,透明,清晰,纯洁的样子。泪,莫非要表达的是自己的眼泪,也叫“星泪”。此时联想到的多数是流星雨。 蓝色的天空,鸟儿能自由的飞翔,不管到那里,都有它停留的地方。繁华的城市,喧嚣的人群,寂寞的身影。我是谁?是空气?是雨水?是地下的一粒沙子?亦或是天上的一颗孤星?不知道,又何尝要知道,在这起风的日子里,我早已忘了自己是谁? 看着你不在我的世界,距离就像天涯相隔,我想眼泪已经干涸无法再垂下,伴随的只剩下孤单罢了。风,没有方向的吹来。夏,何时已经侵城。我缓缓地独行,脚下的道路散发着让人难受的灼热,走进网吧,昏昏暗暗的,一落座习惯地开机登QQ。 一个人的空间,心空空的,脑袋空空的。从来都不希望自己成为别人的负担,所以从那以后,就将伤痛埋葬在内心深处,不想让人担心,有时候真的不想去想,不想去听,但却控制不了自己的心,阻止不了别人的嘴。为什么世界总有些人,我并不是责怪别人,但是为什么总是要在我面前提起那些我努力想要遗忘的人呢?以为自己可以做到的,坚信自己可以做到的,所以我要坚持,我要坚持,有人说当恨在心中消逝时,也许爱也就同时消失了,但那种海阔天空的境界到底要如何才能达到呢?妒忌的心,是一把双韧剑,我将自己刺的体无完肤,同时也伤害着别人,是不曾反醒吗?不是的,只是总也控制不了自己的心绪,有些东西明知道是错,是不对的,却缺乏自制力去阻止,去遏制。爱的梦境,你带我走入时,却没有告诉我走出来方法?当梦醒来,只剩下冰凉的泪,迷失的心,找不到出口。 如果可以给我一杯烈酒,我想我会一口气饮下,然后期望永远不要再醒来,或许宿醉以后伴随而来将是更加沉重的伤痛,如果当一个人已经痛得失去知觉时,是否就算再尝试一下宿醉也无所谓呢?也许可以得到短暂的解脱吧! 我是一滴远方孤星的泪水,等待仿佛已经过了几万年,但却无法温暖你的脸,我的心,我的情终究要被遗弃,随风而逝。所有的伤痛,所有的爱,不用再为谁停留;所有的悲哀,所有的恨,不用再为谁承受; 一颗流星划过天际,听人说,那是孤星的眼泪。。。。。 收起阅读 »

嘴上起泡了

  昨晚发觉有些痒,今天早上一看,哇塞,嘴上居然长了个泡,眼也长了一个小泡。天呐,忽然感觉像是毁容了。虽然本人长得算不上漂亮,但天生丽质,皮肤白白的、水水的,这...
  昨晚发觉有些痒,今天早上一看,哇塞,嘴上居然长了个泡,眼也长了一个小泡。天呐,忽然感觉像是毁容了。虽然本人长得算不上漂亮,但天生丽质,皮肤白白的、水水的,这下都不好意思了出去见人了,丑死了。

昨天晚上做了个梦, 好像很复杂的结构, 但是梦的是什么事什么人哪? 横竖就是想不起来。 现在的我, 工作平顺, 生活舒适, 刚刚还被同事称为...
昨天晚上做了个梦,
好像很复杂的结构,
但是梦的是什么事什么人哪?
横竖就是想不起来。

现在的我,
工作平顺,
生活舒适,
刚刚还被同事称为是:
不在意衣食不在乎钱财只注重生活舒适的有点小资的八零后
没有什么紧迫的焦虑的事情在眼前了,
到底梦了些什么哪?
好想知道这个梦啊,呵呵,说不定是我生活的新指向哪。 收起阅读 »

七月

七月開始了,2009年上半年結束了
七月開始了,2009年上半年結束了

热门作者