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关于非正态过程能力指数(译自外国网站)

常在论坛上看到大家讨论数据非正态时过程能力指数如何计算,最近在一个国外网站上发现这样主题的一篇文章,自己翻译了一下。欢迎大家讨论。下面是翻译的文章:


非正态数据的过程能力指数(百分位方法 Percentile Method)
……
正如前文所述,计算过程能力指数通常用以评价过程的质量,即评估该过程制造的产品的相对范围(过程的宽度)与工程规格之间的关系。对于基于标准的正态分布的过程,计算过程能力指数时,典型的流程分布宽度定义为6倍sigma,也就是过程标准偏差估计值的+/-3倍,对于标准的正态分布,这两个界限值(Zl=-3, Zu=+3)分别对应着0.135%和99.865%两个百分位的值。
而在非正态分布的情况下,+/-3倍sigma界限值以及均值(Zm=0)可以用这样的标准数值替代,这些值与正态分布曲线具有完全对应的同值的百分比。这一方法由克莱门兹(Clements)于1989年进行了详细的描述。
下面的公式用于非正态的过程能力指数计算:
Cp = (USL-LSL)/(Up-Lp)
CpL = (M-LSL)/(M-Lp)
CpU = (USL-M)/(Up-M)
Cpk = Min(CpU, CpL)
其中: M为该拟合分布的50%百分位对应的值;
如果计算基于3倍sigma的过程分布宽度,则Up和Lp分别99.865%和0.135%百分位对应的值。(注:如果过程分布宽度定义为不同倍数的sigma,则Up和Lp可能不同)。
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Non-Normal Process Capability Indices (Percentile Method)

As described earlier, process capability indices are generally computed to evaluate the quality of a process, that is, to estimate the relative range of the items manufactured by the process (process width) with regard to the engineering specifications. For the standard, normal- distribution-based, process capability indices, the process width is typically defined as 6 times sigma, that is, as plus/minus 3 times the estimated process standard deviation. For the standard normal curve, these limits (zl = -3 and zu = +3) translate into the 0.135 percentile and 99.865 percentile, respectively. In the non-normal case, the 3 times sigma limits as well as the mean (zM = 0.0) can be replaced by the corresponding standard values, given the same percentiles, under the non- normal curve. This procedure is described in detail by Clements (1989).
Process capability indices. Shown below are the formulas for the non-normal process capability indices:

Cp = (USL-LSL)/(Up-Lp)
CpL = (M-LSL)/(M-Lp)
CpU = (USL-M)/(Up-M)
Cpk = Min(CpU, CpL)

In these equations, M represents the 50'th percentile value for the respective fitted distribution, and Up and Lp are the 99.865 and .135 percentile values, respectively, if the computations are based on a process width of ? times sigma. Note that the values for Up and Lp may be different, if the process width is defined by different sigma limits (e.g., ? times sigma).

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