[强烈推荐]走过不留痕：户外道德准则ZT
一、事先计划和准备（Plan Ahead & Prepare）
完善的旅行计划和准备有助于野外（也可指户外）旅行者安全和愉快地完成旅行的目标，同时最低程度地对土地造成损害。
Adequate trip planning and preparation helps backcountry travelers accomplish trip goals safely and enjoyably, while simultaneously minimizing damage to the land.
旅行前的计划
Pre-Trip Planning
不好的计划经常导致露营者陷入痛苦的状况并伤害自然和文化资源。从护林管理员那里经常可以听到有关露营者以下的遭遇：由于计划的不完善及意想不到的情形，致使未开发的景区资源蜕化及使自己处于危险的状态。
Poor planning often results in miserable campers and damage to natural and cultural resources. Rangers often tell stories of campers they have encountered who, because of poor planning and unexpected conditions, degrade backcountry resources and put themselves at risk.
为什么旅行计划很重要？你也许想为下面的列表增加更多的答案：
Why is Trip Planning Important? You may want to add additional answers to this list:
它确保团队及个人的安全。
它将使你为“不留痕迹”（即：只留下背影和回忆，也指可循环再生的物品的使用）作好准备，并最大限度地保护资源
它将有助于你愉快地完成旅行目标
它将增强和增加你了解大自然的自信心及机会
It helps ensure the safety of groups and individuals.
It prepares you to Leave No Trace and minimizes resource damage.
It contributes to accomplishing trip goals safely and enjoyably.
It increases self-confidence and opportunities for learning more about nature.
旅行前需考虑的七种要素
Seven Elements to Consider When Planning a Trip
确定及标明你预期的旅行目标
确定旅行参与者的技能及能力
选择与你目标、技能、能力匹配的目的地
从目的地管理处、相关规划及文献中收集相关的资料
挑选舒适、安全、环保性能好的装备及衣服
旅行中的活动要与你的目标、技能、能力相匹配
评估本次的旅行，记录下次旅行将改变的做法
Identify and record the goals (expectations) of your trip.
Identify the skill and ability of trip participants.
Select destinations that match your goals, skills, and abilities
Gain knowledge of the area you plan to visit from land managers, maps, and literature.
Choose equipment and clothing for comfort, safety, and Leave No Trace qualities.
Plan trip activities to match your goals, skills, and abilities.
Evaluate your trip upon return note changes you will make next time.
其它需考虑的因素：旅行计划时你也许对以下内容有自己的看法：
Other Elements to Consider: When Planning a Trip You may want to add your own ideas to this list:
天气
地形
规章及限制
私人土地分界线
各分组平均徒步速度及相应的食物消耗量（剩余将造成浪费并人为制造垃圾，即留下痕迹！）
队伍大小（是否符合规章、旅行的目的和“不留痕迹”的各项标准）
其他“不留痕迹”的原则
weather
terrain
regulations/restrictions
private land boundaries
average hiking speed of group n anticipated food consumption (leftovers create waste which leaves a trace!)
group size (does it meet regulations, trip purpose and Leave No Trace criteria?)
all Leave No Trace principles
用餐计划:用餐是另旅行计划的一个重要的因素，它将对野外活动的团队有深远的影响
Meal Planning: Meals are another element to trip planning that can have a profound effect on the impact a group has on a backcountry area.
好的用餐计划所带来的好处：
Benefits of Good Meal Planning:
减少垃圾
减轻背包重量从而加快步行速度及降低疲劳
节省在营火的烹煮工作量
Reduced trash.
Reduced pack weight, resulting in faster hiking times and less fatigue.
Reduced dependence upon campfires for cooking.
一罐食物和重新包装食物
One-Pot Meals and Food Repackaging:
计划一罐食物和轻包装的小吃，只需要最小的包装和准备时间，减轻负重和减少垃圾。一罐食物只要求最小的烹饪器具并减少对营火的需求。如果你有两个大的罐子，两个旅行炉头能为一个大队伍烹饪所有食物。（如果需要快速加热，一个大罐子能摆放在两个炉头的上）。牢记，炉子能“不留痕迹”
Planning for one-pot meals and light weight snacks requires a minimum of packing and preparation time, lightens loads and decreases garbage. One-pot meals require minimal cooking utensils and eliminate the need for a campfire. Two backpack stoves can be used to cook all meals for large groups if you have two large pots (one large pot can be balanced on two stoves when quick heating is desired). Remember, a stove Leaves No Trace.
在打包之前，大部分食物应该从原始的商业包装中取出放在密封袋中。密封袋能保护食物并减少零碎和垃圾。空带子可以相互套起来并带回在家里重用。这种方法能减少你的队伍在旅途结束时必须带回的垃圾数量，并减少不必要的隐藏或掩埋不需要的垃圾。
Most food should be removed from its commercial packing and placed in sealable bags before packing your backpacks. Sealable bags secure food and reduce bulk and garbage. Empty bags can be placed inside each other and packed out for reuse at home. This method can reduce the amount of garbage your group must pack out at the end of the trip and eliminate the undesirable need of stashing or burying unwanted trash.
一些旅行计划不足所致后果的例子
What are Some Examples of the Results of Poor Trip Planning?
缺乏经验的队伍或者对当地地理环境不熟悉，穿过易发生洪水的地方或者沿易发生雷击的山脊行进时，都可能产生危险。组队旅行在干旱地区经常会由于没有足够的水或没有从自然资源中找到净化的水而失败。与当地的土地管理人员确认，并仔细研究地图和天气状况，能减少风险。
A group that is inexperienced or unfamiliar with the geography of an area may put people at risk by traveling through areas susceptible to flash floods or along ridge tops vulnerable to lightning activity. Groups traveling arid lands often fail to carry adequate water or a way of purifying water from natural sources. Checking with local land managers and studying maps and weather conditions can contribute to a low-risk existence.
一个准备不足的队伍也许计划用营火烹饪食物，但到目的地时却发现禁火令在实施或者柴火不足。这样的队伍因为没有备选方案，经常打破法律点火或者简单地损害环境。禁火令和缺乏柴火表明这些地方正经历着过度使用的持续的影响。
A poorly prepared group may plan to cook meals over a campfire only to discover upon arrival at their destination that a fire ban is in effect or that firewood is in scarce supply. Such groups often build a fire anyway breaking the law or impacting the land simply because they have not planned for alternatives. Fire bans and scarce wood supplies are signs that an area is experiencing the cumulative effects of heavy recreation use.
一个没有很好旅行准备的队伍也许不能象计划中的速度行进。地形也许过于陡峭或者路程过于起伏。这些队伍通常会比较迟扎营，有时会选择不安全的地方。差的营地选择通常导致不必要的资源伤害。而且，这些队伍也许再也到达不了他们计划的目的地。
A group that has failed to develop good travel plans may be unable to travel as fast as ex ed. The terrain may be too steep or the trails too rugged. These groups often resort to setting up camp late at night, sometimes in an unsafe location. Poor campsite selection usually leads to unnecessary resource damage. In addition, the group may never even reach their planned destination.
完善的旅行计划和准备有助于野外（也可指户外）旅行者安全和愉快地完成旅行的目标，同时最低程度地对土地造成损害。
Adequate trip planning and preparation helps backcountry travelers accomplish trip goals safely and enjoyably, while simultaneously minimizing damage to the land.
旅行前的计划
Pre-Trip Planning
不好的计划经常导致露营者陷入痛苦的状况并伤害自然和文化资源。从护林管理员那里经常可以听到有关露营者以下的遭遇：由于计划的不完善及意想不到的情形，致使未开发的景区资源蜕化及使自己处于危险的状态。
Poor planning often results in miserable campers and damage to natural and cultural resources. Rangers often tell stories of campers they have encountered who, because of poor planning and unexpected conditions, degrade backcountry resources and put themselves at risk.
为什么旅行计划很重要？你也许想为下面的列表增加更多的答案：
Why is Trip Planning Important? You may want to add additional answers to this list:
它确保团队及个人的安全。
它将使你为“不留痕迹”（即：只留下背影和回忆，也指可循环再生的物品的使用）作好准备，并最大限度地保护资源
它将有助于你愉快地完成旅行目标
它将增强和增加你了解大自然的自信心及机会
It helps ensure the safety of groups and individuals.
It prepares you to Leave No Trace and minimizes resource damage.
It contributes to accomplishing trip goals safely and enjoyably.
It increases self-confidence and opportunities for learning more about nature.
旅行前需考虑的七种要素
Seven Elements to Consider When Planning a Trip
确定及标明你预期的旅行目标
确定旅行参与者的技能及能力
选择与你目标、技能、能力匹配的目的地
从目的地管理处、相关规划及文献中收集相关的资料
挑选舒适、安全、环保性能好的装备及衣服
旅行中的活动要与你的目标、技能、能力相匹配
评估本次的旅行，记录下次旅行将改变的做法
Identify and record the goals (expectations) of your trip.
Identify the skill and ability of trip participants.
Select destinations that match your goals, skills, and abilities
Gain knowledge of the area you plan to visit from land managers, maps, and literature.
Choose equipment and clothing for comfort, safety, and Leave No Trace qualities.
Plan trip activities to match your goals, skills, and abilities.
Evaluate your trip upon return note changes you will make next time.
其它需考虑的因素：旅行计划时你也许对以下内容有自己的看法：
Other Elements to Consider: When Planning a Trip You may want to add your own ideas to this list:
天气
地形
规章及限制
私人土地分界线
各分组平均徒步速度及相应的食物消耗量（剩余将造成浪费并人为制造垃圾，即留下痕迹！）
队伍大小（是否符合规章、旅行的目的和“不留痕迹”的各项标准）
其他“不留痕迹”的原则
weather
terrain
regulations/restrictions
private land boundaries
average hiking speed of group n anticipated food consumption (leftovers create waste which leaves a trace!)
group size (does it meet regulations, trip purpose and Leave No Trace criteria?)
all Leave No Trace principles
用餐计划:用餐是另旅行计划的一个重要的因素，它将对野外活动的团队有深远的影响
Meal Planning: Meals are another element to trip planning that can have a profound effect on the impact a group has on a backcountry area.
好的用餐计划所带来的好处：
Benefits of Good Meal Planning:
减少垃圾
减轻背包重量从而加快步行速度及降低疲劳
节省在营火的烹煮工作量
Reduced trash.
Reduced pack weight, resulting in faster hiking times and less fatigue.
Reduced dependence upon campfires for cooking.
一罐食物和重新包装食物
One-Pot Meals and Food Repackaging:
计划一罐食物和轻包装的小吃，只需要最小的包装和准备时间，减轻负重和减少垃圾。一罐食物只要求最小的烹饪器具并减少对营火的需求。如果你有两个大的罐子，两个旅行炉头能为一个大队伍烹饪所有食物。（如果需要快速加热，一个大罐子能摆放在两个炉头的上）。牢记，炉子能“不留痕迹”
Planning for one-pot meals and light weight snacks requires a minimum of packing and preparation time, lightens loads and decreases garbage. One-pot meals require minimal cooking utensils and eliminate the need for a campfire. Two backpack stoves can be used to cook all meals for large groups if you have two large pots (one large pot can be balanced on two stoves when quick heating is desired). Remember, a stove Leaves No Trace.
在打包之前，大部分食物应该从原始的商业包装中取出放在密封袋中。密封袋能保护食物并减少零碎和垃圾。空带子可以相互套起来并带回在家里重用。这种方法能减少你的队伍在旅途结束时必须带回的垃圾数量，并减少不必要的隐藏或掩埋不需要的垃圾。
Most food should be removed from its commercial packing and placed in sealable bags before packing your backpacks. Sealable bags secure food and reduce bulk and garbage. Empty bags can be placed inside each other and packed out for reuse at home. This method can reduce the amount of garbage your group must pack out at the end of the trip and eliminate the undesirable need of stashing or burying unwanted trash.
一些旅行计划不足所致后果的例子
What are Some Examples of the Results of Poor Trip Planning?
缺乏经验的队伍或者对当地地理环境不熟悉，穿过易发生洪水的地方或者沿易发生雷击的山脊行进时，都可能产生危险。组队旅行在干旱地区经常会由于没有足够的水或没有从自然资源中找到净化的水而失败。与当地的土地管理人员确认，并仔细研究地图和天气状况，能减少风险。
A group that is inexperienced or unfamiliar with the geography of an area may put people at risk by traveling through areas susceptible to flash floods or along ridge tops vulnerable to lightning activity. Groups traveling arid lands often fail to carry adequate water or a way of purifying water from natural sources. Checking with local land managers and studying maps and weather conditions can contribute to a low-risk existence.
一个准备不足的队伍也许计划用营火烹饪食物，但到目的地时却发现禁火令在实施或者柴火不足。这样的队伍因为没有备选方案，经常打破法律点火或者简单地损害环境。禁火令和缺乏柴火表明这些地方正经历着过度使用的持续的影响。
A poorly prepared group may plan to cook meals over a campfire only to discover upon arrival at their destination that a fire ban is in effect or that firewood is in scarce supply. Such groups often build a fire anyway breaking the law or impacting the land simply because they have not planned for alternatives. Fire bans and scarce wood supplies are signs that an area is experiencing the cumulative effects of heavy recreation use.
一个没有很好旅行准备的队伍也许不能象计划中的速度行进。地形也许过于陡峭或者路程过于起伏。这些队伍通常会比较迟扎营，有时会选择不安全的地方。差的营地选择通常导致不必要的资源伤害。而且，这些队伍也许再也到达不了他们计划的目的地。
A group that has failed to develop good travel plans may be unable to travel as fast as ex ed. The terrain may be too steep or the trails too rugged. These groups often resort to setting up camp late at night, sometimes in an unsafe location. Poor campsite selection usually leads to unnecessary resource damage. In addition, the group may never even reach their planned destination.
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木瓜 (威望:0) (浙江 嘉兴)
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在耐久的地面行进：野外行进的目标是通过野外同时避免伤害大地。有必要了解行进如何对地面产生影响以达到这个目标。
Travel on Durable Surfaces: The goal of backcountry travel is to move through the backcountry while avoiding damage to the land. Understanding how travel causes impacts is necessary to accomplish this goal.
当植被或生物群落被过分践踏而不能恢复，行进将导致的伤害。贫瘠的土地往往导致土壤的侵蚀出现不期望的痕迹。野外行进包括在小径上和小径以外通过。
Travel damage occurs when surface vegetation or communities of organisms are trampled beyond recovery. The resulting barren area leads to soil erosion and the development of undesirable trails. Backcountry travel may involve travel over both trails and off-trail areas.
在小路上行进：在过度使用的区域行进时将活动聚集。土地管理处在野外建造小路，给旅行者提供容易辨认的路以聚集践踏和承载大量人员通过。人工建造的小路本身对大地有影响。但是，它们对人们野外行进是需要的。在小径上集中的行进减少产生并留下多条路径的可能性。拥有一条很好设计的小径要好过多条选择不合适的小路。
Travel on Trails: Concentrate Activities When Traveling in HeavilyUsed Areas Land management agencies construct trails in backcountry areas to provide identifiable routes that concentrate foot and stock traffic. Constructed trails are themselves an impact on the land; however, they are a necessary response to the fact that people travel in the back country. Concentrating travel on trails reduces the likelihood that multiple routes will develop and scar the landscape. It is better to have one well-designed route than many poorly chosen paths.
在任何可能时候，都推荐使用小路。鼓励旅行者在停留在小路宽度以内而不要在之字路（上山的Z字形路）上走捷径。在小路上休息时，旅行者应该为其他徒步者保留通过的空间。如果决定到小路以外休息，就必须遵循小路外行进的原则。
Trail use is recommended whenever possible. Encourage travelers to stay within the width of the trail and not short cut trail switchbacks (trail zigzags that climb hill sides). Travelers should provide space for other hikers if taking breaks along the trail. The principles of off-trail travel should be practiced if the decision is made to move off-trail for breaks.
(在同一组内的徒步者必须周期性的停下来休息和交流。避免在行进间大声沟通。高声的噪音在自然环境下是不受欢迎的。)
(Hikers in the same group should periodically stop to rest and talk. Avoid shouting to communicate while hiking. Loud noises usually are not welcome in natural areas.)
在路径以外行进：在原生地区扩散使用和影响（一些沙漠地区除外）。所有不使用已经设计好的小路的行进，如行进到遥远的地区、寻找一个隐秘的厕所和在营地周围勘探都被定义为路径以外的行进。路径以外行进在两个基本要素上会增强影响大地：地表和植被的耐久性，以及行进的频度（或者小组的人数）。
Travel Off-trail: Spread Use and Impact in Pristine Areas (except in some desert areas) All travel that does not utilize a designed trail such as travel to remote areas, searches for bathroom privacy, and explorations near and around campsites is defined as off-trail. Two primary factors increase how off-trail travel affects the land: durability of surfaces and vegetation, and frequency of travel (or group size).
耐久性是地表或者植被抵挡损伤或保持稳定状态的能力。
Durability refers to the ability of surfaces or vegetation to withstand wear or remain in a stable condition.
频繁使用和大队人员增加大面积区域被践踏或一个小的区域被多次践踏。 Frequency of use and large group size increase the like hood that a large area will be trampled, or that a small area will be tram pled multiple times.
地表的耐久力：耐久力是需要所有野外旅行者懂得的一个重要概念。以下的自然地表对野外行进有不同的反应。
Surface Durability: The concept of durability is an important one for all backcountry travelers to understand. The following natural surfaces respond differently to backcountry travel.
岩石，沙子和碎石路：这些地表有高度的耐久力，能忍受重复的践踏和擦磨（然而，生长在岩石的青苔却很脆弱经不起重复的擦磨）
Rock, sand and gravel: These surfaces are highly durable and can tolerate repeated trampling and scuffing. (However, lichens that grow on rocks are vulnerable to repeated scuffing).
冰雪：如果做了很好的安全预防措施，而且雪地足够厚，可以保护住下面的植被，那么行走通过雪地是很好的选择，它对地表的影响只是暂时性的。
Ice and snow: The effect of travel across these surfaces is temporary, making them good choices for travel assuming good safety precautions are followed and the snow layer is of sufficient depth to prevent vegetation damage.
植被：不同的植被对践踏的抵抗力是不同的。当要通过植被时，要作出仔细的决定，选择耐践踏的或容易躲过的稀疏的植被的区域。干草通常耐践踏。湿地和其他脆弱的植被很快地露出践踏对它们的影响。践踏会引导后来者沿着同一条路线行进，引出不希望的小路来。作为一条总的规则，那些必须冒险经过无痕迹区域的旅行者们应该分散行走，以免踏出小路，而这些小路会鼓励其他人跟着走。任何可能的时候，都要避免经过植被，尤其是陡坡上，那儿的无痕迹行走的影响尤为明显。
Vegetation: The resistance of vegetation to trampling varies. Careful decisions must be made when traveling across vegetation. Select areas of durable vegetation, or sparse vegetation that is easily avoided. Dry grasses tend to be resistant to trampling. Wet meadows and other fragile vegetation quickly show the effects of trampling. Trampling ensures new travelers to take the same route and leads to undesirable trail derailment. As a general rule, travelers who must venture off-trail should spread out to avoid creating paths that encourage others to follow. Avoid vegetation whenever possible, especially on steep slopes where the effects of off-trail travel are magnified.