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英语语法汇总

1#
发表于 2006-8-12 15:47 | 只看该作者 | 倒序看帖 | 打印
『评价个人品质的常用词语』
Mature,dynamic and honest.思想成熟、精明能干、为人诚实。
    Excellent ability of systematical management.有极强的系统管理能力。
    Ability to work independent1y,mature and resourcefu1.     能够独立工作、思想成熟、应变能力强。
    A person with ability plus flexibility should app1y.     需要有能力及适应力强的人。
    A stable personality and high sense of responsibility are desirable.    个性稳重、具高度责任感。
    Work well with a multi-cultural and diverse work force.     能够在不同文化和工作人员的背景下出色地工作。
    Bright,aggressive applicants.反应快、有进取心的应聘者。
    Ambitious attitude essential.有雄心壮志。
    Initiative,independent and good communication skill.     积极主动、独立工作能力强,并有良好的交际技能。
    Willing to work under pressure with leardership quality.     愿意在压力下工作,并具领导素质。
    Willing to assume responsibilities.应聘者须勇于挑重担。
    Mature,self-motivated and strong interpersonal skills.     思想成熟、上进心强,并具极丰富的人际关系技巧。
    Energetic,fashion-minded person.精力旺盛、思想新潮。
    With a pleasant mature attitude.开朗成熟。
    Strong determination to succeed.有获得成功的坚定决心。
    Strong leadership skills.有极强的领导艺术。
    Ability to work well with others.能够同他人一道很好地工作。
    Highly-motivated and reliable person with excellent health and pleasant personality.     上进心强又可靠者,并且身体健康、性格开朗。
    The ability to initiate and operate independently.     有创业能力,并能独立地从业。
    Strong leadership skill while possessing a great team spirit.     有很高的领导艺术和很强的集体精神。
    Be highly organized and effecient.工作很有条理,办事效率高。
    Willing to learn and progress.肯学习进取。
    Good presentation skills.有良好的表达能力。
    Positive active mind essential.有积极、灵活的头脑。
    Ability to deal with personnel at all levels effectively.     善于同各种人员打交道。
    Have positive work attitude and be willing and able to work diligently without supervision.     有积极的工作态度,愿意和能够在没有监督的情况下勤奋地工作。
    Young,bright,energetic with strong career-ambition.     年轻、聪明、精力充沛,并有很强的事业心。
    Good people management and communication skills. Team player.     有良好的人员管理和交际能力。能在集体中发挥带头作用。
    Able to work under high pressure and time limitation.     能够在高压力下和时间限制下进行工作。
Be elegant and with nice personality.举止优雅、个人性格好。   
With good managerial skills and organizational capabilities.     有良好的管理艺术和组织能力。
    The main qualities required are preparedness to work hard, ability to learn, ambition and good health.
    主要必备素质是吃苦耐劳精神好、学习能力优、事业心强和身体棒。
    Having good and extensive social connections.具有良好而广泛的社会关系。
    Being active, creative and innonative is a plus.     思想活跃、有首创和革新精神尤佳。
    With good analytical capability.有较强的分析能力。



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Rank: 4

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2#
发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『中学常用介词用法【1】』
中学常用介词用法
介词在英语里出现非常频繁,它的搭配众多且意义丰富。在整个中学阶段,介词的搭配是同学们感到较为棘手的问题之一。在多年高中英语教学中,笔者总结了常用介词的各种搭配,这里把它们归纳起来,供同学们复习备考参阅。
一、ABOUT
1.动词+about+sth.。about在此表示“论及,谈起,涉及,着手”等意思:
arrange about安排,argue about辩论, ask about询问,bring about带来,chat about闲聊,care about在意,complain about报怨,go about着手,hear about听说, inquire about打听,know about了解, quarrel about争论,read about读到, see about负责处理,set about开始, speak about谈起, talk about谈论, think about考虑, trouble about担心,tell about讲述,worry about着急。现举例说明其中一些短语的用法:
She inquired about my brother. 她向我打听有关我兄弟的情况。
I must set about my packing. 我必须开始收拾行装。
What are you chatting about? 你们在聊什么呢?
2. be +形容词+about+sth.。about在此意思是“为…,对…”,接表原因的词:
be anxious about为…着急, be bad about对…感到不舒服,be busy about忙于…,be careful about小心…, be certain about对…有把握, be concerned about关心…,be crazy about为…发狂,be excited about为…感到激动, be happy about为…而高兴,be mad about为…发疯,be nervous about对…感到紧张, be particular about挑剔…,be pleased about为…兴奋,be strict about对…严格,be thoughtful about对…考虑周到的,be uneasy about为…感受到不安。请看例句:
What have you been busy about today? 今天在忙些什么?
You are certainly very thoughtful about others. 你为别人想得太周到了。
I’m strict about such things. 对这些事我是很严格的。
注:come about发生,get about(疾病、谣言)流行,turn about转身,
leave about到处乱放,lie about随便堆放,put about打扰;传播,
put oneself about使…发愁。这些词组中about作副词,此时about不能接宾语。
二、AFTER
1.动词+ after。介词after有“追赶,问候,效仿”之意:ask after问候, be after寻求,do(sth.)after学着做,go after设法得到, inquire after问候, look after寻找,run after追求, seek after追逐, take after长得像。例如:
Every afternoon he called to ask after his girl friend.他每天下午都打电话问候他的女朋友。
The boy takes after his father. 这男孩长得像他父亲。
The dogs went after the wounded deer. 一群狗在追赶那只受伤的鹿。
2.after构成的其它短语。after在不同的短语中意思各异:
after a little/moment/while过了一会,after all毕竟,after dark天黑以后,after one’s heart合…的心, after school放学后, after service售后服务,after the fashion勉强, day after day日复一日,one after another一个接一个,year after year年复一年。例如:
Don’t be too strict with him. After all he is still a child. 不要太苛刻了,毕竟他还是个孩子。
He can speak and write English after a fashion. 他多少会说和写一点英语,但不太好。
三、AT
1.动词+ at。at表示“指向某一目标,到达某地”:arrive at抵达,call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤,knock at敲,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴,smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视,thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖,wonder at吃惊,work at工作。例如:
Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。
We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。
They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears.看到农民的梭标,他们阵阵发抖。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at。其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因,或对某物具有某种感情”:be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉,be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,be delighted at高兴,be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望,be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊,be terrified at受到…的恐吓,be quick at对…很机敏。例如:
They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。
They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies. 他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。
3.at+名词构成的词组:at a distance在一定距离,at a loss不知所措,
at a time一次,at all一点也不,at any cost不惜一切代价,at best最好也只是,at first起初,at hand手头,at heart在内心里,at home在家;无拘束,at last最后,at least至少,at most最多,at once马上,at present目前,at sea不知所措,at times有时,at will任意地,at work起作用,at worst最坏。
4.其它含有at的短语:work hard at勤奋工作,drop in at顺路拜访。

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3#
发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『中学常用介词用法【2】』
四、FOR
1.动词+for
a)动词+for。for表原因、目的:account for解释;说明, answer for对…负责,apply for申请;请求, apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求,care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望,inquire for查询;求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望,mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备,provide for为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征,search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。例如:
His illness accounts for his absence. 他因病缺席。
The baby reached for the apple but couldn’t reach it.那婴儿伸手去苹果,但够不着。
He who would search for pearls must dive below.要想找到珍珠,必须潜到海底。
b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.。for表示原因或目的:ask for要求得到,blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅,pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚,push for催逼,reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。例如:
Please excuse me for my being late. 请原谅我的迟到。
Forgive me for my keeping you waiting. 请见谅,让你久等了。
2. be +形容词+for。for表作用、目的、对人或物有某种情绪等:be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名,be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦,be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备,be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责,be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。例如:
He is eager for success. 他渴望成功。
The government is responsible for the nation’s welfare.政府负责民众的福利。
3.for+名词构成的词组:for all尽管,for a song非常便宜地,for certain确切地,for company陪着,for ever永远,for example例如,for fear以免,for fair肯定地,for free免费,for fun为了好玩,for good永远,for instance比方,for luck祝福,for life终身,for long长久,for nothing白白地,for once有生第一次,for oneself替自己,for pleasure为了消遣,for reason因为…理由,for sale供出售,for shame真不害臊,for short简称,for sport好玩,for sure确切地。
4.动词+副词/名词+for构成的短语:be in for将遇到,make up for弥补,go in for从事,l o ok out for提防,take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然,have an ear for音感好, have a gift for有某方面的天赋。
五、FROM
1.动词+from
a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等:come from来自,date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回,rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如:
All the characters in the book are drawn from real life.书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。
Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。
He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。
b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place。from表示“来源、免于”等:borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到,remove from移动;除去, save from保全;拯救, separate from分离开来,stop from阻止。例如:
He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。
Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。
2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多:be absent from缺席,be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。例如:
The boy can’t walk and is far from running.那男孩不会走路,更不用说跑了。
3.from…to…。本短语表示从一种状态到另一状态的变化或从…到…:from bad to worse每况愈下,from beginning to end自始至终,from cover to cover从头到尾,from China to Peru到处,from day to day一天一天地,from door to door挨家挨户,from end to end从头至尾,from first to last自始至终,from hand to mouth勉强糊冢琭rom head to foot从头到脚,from mouth to mouth广泛流传,from sun to sun从日出到日落,from start to finish从头开始,from top to toe从头到脚,from time to time不时地,from top to bottom彻底地。
六、IN
1.动词+in
a)动词+ in。in在短语中的含义异常丰富:believe in信任, break in碎成,bring in引起;产生;带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,succeed in成功, take in卷起;订阅, turn in归还当局。例如:
He was so short of money that he had to call in the loans that he had made. 他很缺乏资金,不得不收回所有的款子。
Your failure lies in your laziness. 你失败的原因在于懒惰。
Orders are given to take in sail.已发布收帆的命令。
b)动词+sb./time/money+ in。介词in后接(doing)sth.:help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。例如:
She offered to help him in the housekeeping when I am not here.她提出,我不在家时她可以帮助他料理家务。
2. be +形容词+ in。in表示“在某些方面或穿着”:be active in活跃于,be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望,be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于,be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀,be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。例如:
She was completely absorbed in her own affairs. 她完全专注于自己的事务。
More than one person has been concerned in this. 不只一人牵涉到这件事。 
3. in +名词。 in表示“处于某种状态或在某些方面”等意思:in advance提前,in all总共,in balance总而言之,in bed卧床,in body亲自,in brief简明扼要,in case万一, in charge主管,in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地;有效,in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣, in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地,in view看得见。
注意下列几个词组中的in为副词:check in到达登记,cut in插嘴,count in包括,draw in时间接近, drop in顺路拜访, give in屈服, pour in源源而来。

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4#
发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『中学常用介词用法【3】』
七、OF
1.动词+of
a)动词+of。of意为“有关,由于”: beg of(sb.)请求某人,complain of抱怨,consist of由…构成, die of死于, dream of梦想, hear of听说, know of了解,speak of谈及, tell of讲到, think of想起, talk of论及。例如:
Never has one of them complained of all the trouble we give.从来没有人抱怨我们带来这么多麻烦。
Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen. 二氧化碳由碳、氧两种元素组成。
b)动词+sb.+of+sth.。其中of有“剥夺,有关”之意:accuse of控告(谴责,非难)某人, cheat of骗走, deprive of剥夺,inform of汇报, rob of抢走, remind of提醒, warn of警告。例如:
He has cheated me of my poverty. 他骗走了我的财产。
They are deprived of their rights as citizens.他们的公民权都被剥夺了。
c)动词+sth.+ of +sb.。介词of表动宾关系,后接动作的宾语
sb.:request of请求(某人做某事), require of要求得到。例如:
All I request of you is that you should come here early.我唯一的请求就是希望你早点来。
You have done all the law requires of you.你做的这一切都是法律对你的要求。
2. be +形容词+ of。of后接表对象或目标的词,这类短语有很多:
be aware of觉察, be ashamed of以…为耻, be afraid of担心,be bare of没有, be careful of小心, be clear of还清债务,be certain of确信, be composed of由…构成, be envious of嫉妒,be forgetful of健忘, be fond of喜欢, be free of免于;摆脱, be full of充满, be guilty of认罪, be hopeful of抱有希望,be informed of汇报, be impatient of对…无耐心, be jealous of嫉妒,be made of用…制成, be mindful of留意, be proud of以…为骄傲,be sick of烦于, be short of缺乏, be sure of确信, be tired of困于,be worthy of值得。
3.of+名词构成的词组:of age成年, of choice精选的,of course当然,of late最近,of name有名的,of oneself自动地,of purpose有意地,of use有用,of values有价值的。
八、ON
1.动词+on
a)动词+ on。介词on表示“凭借,产生某结果,接通”等意思:act on对…有作用, bring on促使;导致, call on拜访某人,count on依赖, carry on执行,depend on取决, feed on以…为生,figure on料想;推断, go on继续,have on穿着, insist on坚持,keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on以…为生, pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上, switch on接通(电源), take to喜欢;养成;轻易学会,turn on接通(电源), work on操作, wait on侍候。例如:
This kind of medicine acts on the heart. 这种药对心脏有好处。
The fine weather brings on the crops nicely. 好天气促使庄稼长势良好。
We count on you to help. 我们有赖你的帮助。
b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)。on的意思是“以…,对…,在某方面”:base on以…为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯,have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。例如:
Theory should be based on practice. 理论联系实际。
Congratulate on your success in the competition. 恭喜你竞赛获得成功。
2.be+形容词+on的词组:be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻,be impressed on对…印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on对…严格。例如:
We can’t just be dependent on our parents. 我们不能只依赖父母。
He is keen on going abroad. 他渴望出国。
3.on+名词构成的词组:on表示处于某种状态或在某个方位:on board乘(车,飞机),on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行,on guard在岗,on hire雇用,on holiday度假,on leave休假,on one’s knees跪下,on one’s way在…的路上,on purpose故意, on sale待售,on shore在岸上,on time准时, on the move行动, on the other hand另一方面, on the spot当场,on the tip of one’s tongue快要说出口, on top of在…的顶部,on watch值班。
九、TO
1.动词+to
a)动词+ to。介词to意为“达到,指向”等:adjust to适应, attend to处理;照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达…,belong to属于, come to达到, drink to为…干杯,get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to听, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考;指的是…;涉及, reply to回答, see to负责,stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。例如:
She must learn to adjust herself to English life. 她必须学会适应英国的生活。
Business has to be attended to. 有事要办。
An idea occurred to me. 我想出一个办法。
b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.。下列动词不能直接带间接宾语sb.,要接间接宾语时须在动词后加介词to:announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。例如:
She suggested to me one or two suitable people for the committee.她跟我向委员会推举了一两个合适的人选。
c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.。此时介词to可译成“到,于,给”等意思:add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。例如:
Please add a piece of candy to coffee. 请给咖啡加块糖。
Poets like to compare life to stage. 诗人喜欢把人生比作舞台。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to。to的意思是“对…”:be alive to觉察;晓得,be attentive to注意;留心, be awake to知晓, be blind to缺乏眼光,be close to紧挨着, be common to对某人来说很普通, be contrary to违反;反对, be devoted to致力, be deaf to不愿意听, be equal to有…的力量,be exposed to暴露;遭受, be fair to对…公平, be familiar to对某人来说熟悉,be grateful to对某人心存感激, be good to对…有好处, be harmful to对…有危害,be important to对…重要, be kind to友好对待, be known to周知于,be married to嫁给, be moved to转移到, be near to靠近,be necessary to对…有必要, be opposite to在对面, be opposed to反对,be pleasant to合某人之意, be proper to专属, be polite to礼貌待人,be rude to粗暴对待, be relative to与…有关, be strange to不习惯,be similar to类似, be suitable to适合, be true to忠实,be thankful to感激, be useful to对…有用, be used to习惯。例如:
Are you alive to what is going on? 你注意到发生什么事了吗?
The old man was not equal to the situation. 那老人不能应付这种情况。
His house is opposite to mine. 他的房子在我的房子对面。
3.to+名词构成的词组有:to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止,to one’s feet跳起来,to one’s mind照…看来, to one’s surprise使…吃惊,to one’s taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『代名词的错误』
“Everything on our menu is prepared fresh daily and they are delivered to you from our kitchen outlet along Jurong.”
  从信箱里的一张小食店广告信息中发现上述句子中一个常见的语法错误。你是否也观察出来呢?
  这错误在第二等立分句的主语上:they。
  大家知道,they 是句中的代名词(pronoun)。在这里,它是代替第一等立分句中的主语 everything。Everything 是个单数代名词;they 是复数的,两个怎么可以相通呢?
  在语法上,代名词在取代名词或当名词的词时,必须在人称( person)、数目(number)、性别(gender)和格(case)这几方面相称才行。例如:
  ① The man plucked out a grey hair from his head.
  ② They need funds, but they are running out of them now.
  ③ Jason said that he did not like the woman.
  ④ A person must restrict himself to doing what is right and useful.
  如果脑子里没有这些语法概念,便会犯上误用代名词的错误。本文上面所指的 they 便是最好的例子。
  除了 everything 之外,anything, nothing, everyone, someone, no one, somebody, nobody, anybody, anyone 和 each 等代名词也都是单数的。如果要用其他代名词取代它们,也必须是单数的才可以,而且后面的谓语动词也要搭配。就此而论,文中的 they 是不对的,必须改为单数代名词 it;同时后头的谓语动词也要变成单数的 is。这样一来,两个等立分句就很相称了。
  同样的道理,刚刚举出的那些代名词应该这样用:
  ⑤ Nothing is difficult if it is properly done.
  ⑥ Nobody here has objected to the new proposal.
  ⑦ Each was annoyed by her strange idea.
  ⑧ Somebody wants to see you.
  ⑨ No one really knows the answer.
  除了单数代名词,英文中也有复数代名词“many, both, several, few”等;其用法和复数名词一样,跟着的也是复数动词,如:
  ⑩ Many were absent yesterday.
  11. Few are welcome here.
  此外,有些代名词,如“some, all, none, any”等,既可当单数,也可当复数,一切视上下文而定。例如:
  12a. Please look at the old office equipment. Some is to be replaced.
   b. Some of them have agreed to come.
  13a. All is well that ends well.
   b. There are twenty in the bus. All have arrived on time.
  14a. None of the news was good.
   b. None of her friends phone her now.
  在英文词类中,代名词是简单容易的一种,但是也好像容易犯错;希望大家不要掉以轻心,以免犯下同样的错误。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『句子转折词的桥梁』
“They are wasting resources, for example, time, energy and money.”
  上面这句话不错,只是转折词“for example”不妥当;应该这样:
  “They are wasting resources. For example, they use too much time, energy and money.”
  不然就要换一换转折词,改用“such as”或“like”:
  “They are wasting resources, such as (or like) time, energy and money.”
  不管任何语言,转折词(transitional words)都扮演着一个重要角色,就是:承先启后,使句子紧凑,段落相吸,对文章结构,有良性作用。但是有些人几乎没有采用转折词的习惯,结果文句松散,上下文七零八乱,应该避免。
  现在把主要转折词,分类列下,供大家参考。
  Ⅰ表示“尤有进者”的意思:
  Again, also, then, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, next, in addition等,如:
  ① Jason teaches diligently. Besides, he writes a lot.
  ② English is a useful language. For one thing, it is an official language in the UN. Then, it is widely used in business, science and technology.
  Ⅱ表示“反意见”:
  But, however, still, yet, after all, for all that, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand等,如:
  ③ Jim is intelligent but lazy.
  ④ Singapore is not a big country.On the contrary, it is very small.
  Ⅲ表示“困果关系”:
  Therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等,如:
  ⑤ Some people are over-ambitious. As a result, they are usually unhappy.
  ⑥ Tom did not work hard; hence, he failed.
  Ⅳ表示“比较关系”:
  Likewise, similarly, in a like manner 等,如:
  ⑦ You cannot writes without a pen. Likewise, you cannot cook without rice.
  ⑧ No one is allowed to speak Mandarin in an English class. Similarly, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class.
  Ⅴ表示“举例示范”:
  For example, in other words, for instance, that is 等,如:
  ⑨ There are some common errors in his composition. For instance, it is wrong to use "he" to replace "the queen".
  Ⅵ表示“结束”:
  To sum up, in brief, in short, on the whole, to conclude 等,如:
  ⑩ Some say Singapore is a nice place to live in. Others say it is not so nice. It is too competitive. In short, some like Singapore; some do not.

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『语法点滴:More than的用法』
简简单单的“more than”,用法可多呢!
  下面是些好例子:
● A. “More than+名词”表示“多于……”、“非但……尤其是”如:
1)  Modern science is more than a large amount of information.
2)  Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too.
● B. “More than+数词”含“以上”或“不止”之意,如:
3)   I have known David for more than 20 years.
4)  Let's carry out the test with more than the sample copy.
● C. “More than+形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思,如:
5)  In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments.
6)  I assure you I am more than glad to help you.
● D. 在“More...than...”中,肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的,约等于“是……而不是……”如:
7)  The difference between pure linguistics and applied linguistics is more apparent than real.
8)  This book seems to be more a manual than a text.
9)  Catherine is more diligent than intelli-gent.
10)  Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened.
● E. “More than”或“More...than...”+含“can”的分句时表示“否定意”,如:
11)  That's more than I can do.
12)   Don't bite off more than you can chew.
13)  In delivering his lecture, Jason makes sure not to include more things than the students can understand.
● F. “No more...than...”表示“不……;不如……”,如:
14)   I can no more do that than anyone else.
15)  A learner can no more obtain knowledge without reading than a farmer can get good harvest without ploughing.”
  “No more…...than...”的语义,也可用“not any more than...”来取代,因此 15 可以变成 16。
16)  A learner cannot... any more than ...”同样的, 17可以变成 18:
17)  Dr Hu is no more a poet than Dr Wu is a philosopher.
18)   Dr Hu is not a poet any more than Dr Wu is a philosopher.
  此外,“more than”也在一些惯用语中出现,如:
19)  More offen than not (经常),people tend to pay attention to what they can take rather than what they can give.
20)  All of us are more than a little concerned about(非常关心)the current economic problems.
  总之,“more than”看似简单,其实很有内涵,味道隽永。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:48 | 只看该作者
『易混淆词:shirt和blouse
shirt, blouse
shirts和blouses均指上衣,由棉或聚脂纤维等轻型原料制成,通常有领子、袖子和前钮扣。
shirts是衬衫,通常为男装,并常配上领带,大多数衬衫的钮扣扣到领口,但有些作便服穿的不扣领口的钮子,称为casual shirts。
例如:
He had shaved and he had on not merely a white shirt but a clean one, with a collar and necktie. 他刮了脸,还穿了一件又白又干净,有领、带领结的衬衫。
He wore a dark blue shirt and cotton trousers and his sleeves were rolled up. 他穿了一件深蓝色衬衫和布裤,还把衬衫袖子卷了起来。
blouses仅指女上衣,穿时不需领带,有时钮子一直扣到领口,但多数为大翻领。
例如:
The efficient-looking dark suit only partly conceals a bright blouse. 醒目的深色西装没有全部盖住颜色鲜亮的女衬衫。
She’s so silly! She wears a big floppy bow on her blouse. 她真傻!居然在衬衫上打了一个松散的大蝴蝶结。
……the high-collared school blouse. ……高领校服。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:49 | 只看该作者
『常见中式英文错误【1】』
Chinese Style It was so late there was no taxi.
American Style It was so late that there was no taxi available.
Chinese Style It's seven twenty o'clock.
American Style It's seven twenty.
  
Chinese Style Your coat is broken.
American Style Your coat is torn.
  
Chinese Style Let me help you to do your work.
American Style Let me help you with your work.
  
Chinese Style Susan didn't make a fault anyway.
American Style Susan didn't make a mistake anyway.
  Chinese Style May I borrow your phone.
American Style May I use your phone.   
Chinese Style Would you mind posting this letter for me ? Yes, certainly.
American Style Would you mind posting this letter for me ? Of course not.   
Chinese Style He becomes better.
American Style He got better.   
Chinese Style We'll have a hearing test tomorrow.
American Style We'll have a listening test tomorow.   
Chinese Style I recommend you to take a long vacation.
American Style I recommend that you take a long vacation.  
Chinese Style The last bus leaves at eleven o'clock. It's about eleven now, Hurry up !
American Style The last bus leaves at eleven o'clock. It's nearly eleven now, Hurry up !   
Chinese Style It was still bright outside.
American Style It was still light outside.

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:49 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【1】able和capable』
able,capable
这一对词都是形容词,又都含有“能够”、“能干”之意,但涵义和使用场合有所不同,大致有如下几点区别:
(一)在用作定语表示“能干的”意味时,able所描述的范围较概括,capable所描述的范围较专注,因为前者指某人聪明能干,有多才多艺的概括涵义;后者仅指具有应付某一特指工作要求的能力。例:
She is an able teacher 她是个能干的教师。
She is a capable teacher. 她是个能胜任工作的教师。
(二)able指“能够”,是一时之现象;capable常用以指“能力”,是经常的现象。如:
I shall not be able to come to the office tomorrow. 明天我不能到办公室来(指由于某种原因而暂时不能来)。
She is incapable of manual labour. 她不能从事体力劳动(指由于某种长期或经常的原因,例如患病而不能劳动)。
(三)指某人能作某事时,able之后接动词不定式,capable之后接介词of。例如:
We are able to get back to town before dark. 我们能够天黑之前赶回市区。
They are not capable of doing the work. 他们没有能力做这件工作。
(四)capable除表示“有能力的”意味外,还可用以表示“有可能的”涵义,able则没有这个用法。如:
The situation is capable of improvement.此情况有可能好转。
That oil tanker is capable of being restored. 那艘油轮有可能修好。
请注意,下列句中的able是用错了,应改为capable:
This book is able to be translated.(错)
This book is capable of being translated.(对)
That law is able to be evaded.(错)
That law is capable of being evaded.(对)
(五) able 一般用作正面意义,指好人好事;capable 则是中性词,既可指好事,亦可指坏事,例如在下例中,capable of anything是表示“任何坏事都做得出来”之意:
That guy is capable of anything! 那家伙什么勾当都会干得出来!
(六) able的反义词是unable;capable的反义词是incapable。另一点值得注意的是,able的名词是 ability,义:“能力”(the power to do);capable的名词是capability 或 capacity,前者义:“具有从事某事的能力”;后者义:“容量”或“受容力”。需要在此指出的是,ability是可以通过练习或锻炼获得的,而capability则是固有的能力,它与练习或锻炼无关。通过下列例句的对比,我们不难区分其义蕴:
I do not doubt his ability to do the work.
He has the capability to benefit from university education.
第一句的ability是指通过训练或工作磨炼而获得的“能力”;第二句的capability是指天赋之才,与后天无关。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:49 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【2】according as和according to』
这两个词组虽然相似,但它们的结构和使用场合并不相同。according to表示“根据”、“按照”;而according as表示“视乎”,有depending及according to whether的意味。
According as是连词词组,其后接从句;according to 是介词短语,其后接名词。例:
The thermometer rises or falls according to the high or low temperature. 寒暑表根据气温的高低而升降。
They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad. 给他们的赏罚将视乎他们工作的好坏来决定。
应当在此指出,在现代英语中,according as的句型结构已很少有人使用,正如 Bergen Evans和 Cornelia Evans在A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 中指出的那样:“This construction is not often heard today”。
下面是according to的例句:
According to the weather report,we shall have cold weather next week. 根据天气报告,下星期天气将要转冷。
You should act according to circumstances.你们要随机应变。
According to有个同义短语,即 in accordance with,但它们的涵义有细微的区别,前者强调“根据…所言”,后者则强调“与…要一致”。另外 in accordance with多用于正式场合,例如表示与一些原则、规律一致。例:
According to police report,five luxury cars were stolen in Kowloon yesterday. 根据警方报告,昨天在九龙有五辆豪华汽车失窃。
We must proceed in accordance with the rules. 我们必须按照规章办事。
That sentence is not in accordance with the rules of grammar. 那个句子不符合语法规则。
请注意,in accordance with 既可引导 adverbial phrase,又可引导adjectival phrase作verb“to be”的补语(见上面 in accordance with的第一和第二个例句);according to则不能。例如,我们不能说:
The news is according to Hong Kong's broadcasting station.(错)
另一点需要补充说明的是,in accord with 和 in accordance with同义,它们可以互换使用,但前者远不及后者用得普遍。英国学者F.T.Wood认为,我们最好在强凋“与…一致”(agreement)的时候,用in accord with;在强调“服从”或“遵照执行”(obeying or following)的涵义时,用 in accordance with。例如:
What he has done is not in accord with your instructions.
In accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating apparatus.

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:49 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【3】across和cross』
这两个词都是表示“横越”、“渡过”之意,在拼写上仅差一字之微,故很易混淆。它们的区别在于词性和使用场合有所不同。across是介词;cross是动词。
下面请看例句:
My house is across the harbour,in the vicinity of the Kowloon Park. 我的家在海港的对岸,九龙公园附近。
They live across the Central Plaza. 他们住在中央广场的对面。
Everyone shouts“kill it!”when a rat is seen to run across the street. 老鼠过街,人人喊打。
He has crossed the border into another territory. 他已越过边界进入别国的领土。
Many steel arch bridges cross the Mississippi in its lower reaches. 在密西西比河的下游许多拱形铁侨横跨河面。
They have crossed over to Japan. 他们已东渡去日本了。
coss除作动词外,亦可作名词。作名词时,有较强的构词能力,它所构成的词的某些词义和用法是值得注意的。例如crossroad是“交叉路”或“横马路”,而crossroads却是“十字路”或“十字路口”,它的前面可以用a,但-s不能丢掉。如:
The accident took place at a crossroads. 车祸发生在十字路口。
They drive across the plain by way of a crossroad leading to the highway. 他们沿着一条通往公路的交叉路驾车横过平原。
cross-reference是“前后参照”、“互见条目”的意思,专指同一书刊中前后互相参阅的说明。例:
In this book cross-references are shown in capital letters. 在本书中,前后参照的互见条目用大写字母表示。
crossing是“渡口”、“横道线”或“(铁路与公路的)交叉点”。如:
The Star Ferry Pier is a ferry crossing in central. 天星码头是在中环的一个渡口。
All care should stoP at the zebra crossing. 所有车辆都要在斑马线前停下。
A bus ran into a train at the level/grade crossing. 一辆公共汽车在平交点与火车相撞。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:49 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【4】act as和act like』
乍然看来,act as和 act like是两个同义短语,在涵义上无甚区别可言,其实不然。
Act as的意思是“充当”、“担任”,相当于 serve as,可与人或物词如:doctor、director、interpreter、guide、coach、 teacher、go-between、furniture、tools等字搭配使用。as是连词,引导一个省略了谓语的状语从句。例:
This herb can act as an antidote against snakebite. 这种药草可以用作蛇咬的解毒药。
Last summer she acted as a guide for tourists. 去年夏天,她担任旅游向导。
This coin may act as a screwdriver. 这枚硬币可以充当螺丝起子用。
Mr.Liu acted as group leader while Mr.Zhang was ill. 张先生生病时,刘先生任组长。
请注意,有时候,act for与act as的意义颇相近,但它们在表示概念方面互不相同。act as是“(临时)充当”或“起…的作用”; act for则表示“代理”的涵义。请比较下一句和前述句:
Mr.Liu acted for Mr.Zhang while,the latter was ill. 张先生患病期间,刘先生代理他的工作。
Act like的意思是“行为像”、“举动像”,相当于英语的 to act in the manner of,它常与人或动物名词连用。like是介词,其后接宾语。例:
That child acts like a grown-up. 那个孩子的举动像成年人一样。
Don't act like a fool! 别像傻瓜一般!
His refusal of our offer acted like a wet blanket. 他拒绝了我们的建议,真使我们扫兴。
(注:a wet blanket 作“令人扫兴的事或人”。)

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:50 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【5】admit和admit of』
一般说来,admit表示“许入”、“进入”(allow somebody or something to enter)或“承认”(acknowledge)的意义;admit of则表示“容许”(allow of)或“容有”(leave room for)之意。例如:
This ticket admits one person only. 此券只准一人入场。
I admitted him to the lecture. 我准许他入内听讲。
He has admitted the fact. 他已承认此事。
This matter admits of no delay. 此事刻不容缓。
This word admits of several interpretations. 这个词可作几种解释。
Admit的主语既可以是物,也可以是人,而admit of 的主语只可以是没有生命的事物。例如,我们不能说: I can't admit of your doing it,而只能说:I can't allow you to do it。又如,不可以说:He can admit of no question,而应该说:His veracity admits of no question(他的诚信是勿容置疑的)。
值得注意的是,admittance和admission都是admit 的名词,它们都有“准入”之意,但使用场合不同。一般说来,admittance用于直义,即指准许某人进入某一场所;admission则大都用于比喻意,指准许进入的权利、入场费或入会费而言。因此,“入场券”译作admission ticket,不译作admittance ticket。“如非公事,不得擅进(非请勿进)”则译作 No admittance except on business。现将这两个词作一比较:
They refused him admittance when he arrived. 他抵达时他们拒绝他入场。
They granted him admission. 他门准许他入会。
此外,admit用作解“承认”时,之后可以接动名词或从句,但不能接动词不定式。例如: He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book。但不可以说:He admits to have seen the book。
在现代英语中,有时我们可以看到 admit to这么一个短语,其义相当于confess to (承认),例如:
In spit of all the evidence against her,she refused to admit to the crime. 虽然所有证据都对她不利,但是她拒绝承认犯了罪。
有些西方学者认为,admit to 并不是地道的英语,最好避免使用。
与之类似区别的词语有 allow和allow of。前者的意思是“许可”(permit);后者的意思是“容有…余地”(leave room for)。它们的用法与 admit和 admit of相同。
『相似词语辨析【6】advance和advancement』
Advance用作名词时,很易和另一名词advancement 混淆不清,因为这两个词都有“前进”、“进步”和“进展”之意。它们的区别如下:
一般说来,advance含有自动的意味,advancement 则含有被动的意味。例如:advance of science是“科学的进步”; advancement of science则是“科学的被人推进”。从下列两个例句,我们可以辨别出它们的区别:
Discovering a cure for AIDS would be a major medical advance. 发现治疗艾滋病的方法将是医学上的一大进展。
We have made a program for the advancement of science. 我们已制定了一个发展科学的规划。
通过上列例句的对比,我们可以联想到 advance in rank 和 advancement in rank;advance in industy和advancement in industry;advance in society和advancement in society等语的涵义区别。
在表示“行军”或“向…行进”的意义时,只能用advance,不可以用advancement。例:
They have done their best to resist the advance of the enemy. 他们已尽力阻挡敌人向前推进。
Road blocks were set up to obstruct the advance of the demonstrators. 设置路障是要阻止示威人士前进。
在某些固定的词组里,例如 in advance、in advance of、be on the advance,只能用advance,不可以用advancement。如:
Please pay the bill in advance. 请先付账。
The plane reached Hong Kong ten minutes in advance of its scheduled time.飞机比预定的时间提早了十分钟到达香港。
Recently the new stocks are on the advance. 最近新股看涨。
advance一字除用作名词和动词(如 In recent days prices advanced rapidly。近日来,价格猛涨)之外,亦可用作形容词。作形容词时,其意为“预先的”、“在前的”。如:advance notice(预先通知);advance booking (预订/预售(票));advance payment(预先付款);advance copy((发行前的)新书样本); advance party of soldiers(先头部队)。
值得注意的是,advanced也可用作形容词,但其意为“先进的”、“高级的”。如:advanced ideas(进步的思想);advanced algebra(高等代数);advanced courses(高级课程)。
『相似词语辨析【7】after和behind』
After用作介词时,很易和另一介词behind混淆不清,因为它们都表示“在…之后”的意思。它们的区别有以下几点:
(一)一般说来,after指时间的先后次序,意为“在…之后”(later in time than); behind指位置的前后,意为“在…后面”(in the rear of)。例如:
I shall be free after ten o'clock. 十点之后我有空。
The national stadium is located behind the hill. 国家运动场在山岗的后面。
(二)after常用以指顺序,意为“跟在…之后”、“接着”、“接连”(in succession or next to in order); behind 则表示“隐匿在后”、“背着”或“遗留在后”之意。如:
After you,please! 您先请!(出门或进门时的客套用语)
You should put the direct object after the indirect object. 你应该把直接宾语放在间接宾语之后。
The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door. 警察正在挨家挨户地搜查劫匪。
Day after day and year after year… 日复一日,年复一年……。
Don't stand behind the door. 不要躲在门背后。
Don't speak evil of a man behind his back. 不要在背后说人坏话。
Who is behind the scenes? 谁是幕后人?
Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them. 那些走私客逃走时没有留下任何痕迹。
(三)在某些场合下,after和behind可以互换使用,但涵义有所不同。如:
Shut the door after you.(1)
Shut the door behind you.(2)
(1)句的意思是“随手关门”,after含有离开与关门两个动作的先后的意味;(2)句的意思是“关上你背后的门”,behind表示门的静止状态的意味,正因为如此,我们通常说:Don't stand behind the door,而不说:Don't stand after the door。
值得注意的是,在另一些场合下,after和behind 在互换使用后,其意并无区别可言。如:
John came in after Alice.
John came in behind Alice.
The dog ran after its master.
The dog ran behind its master.
Behind除作介词外,尚可用作副词、名词和形容词; after除作介词外,还可用作副词、连词和形容词,由于不属本书探讨范围之内,这里就不赘述。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:50 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【8】alive和living』
这两个词都表示“活着的”、“有生命的”(having life)意思,词义相同,但用法有所不同。
Alive是表语形容词,放在verb“to be”之后,不能放在它所说明的名词之前。例如我们只可以说 The old man is still alive。
Living既可用作表语形容词,又可用作定语形容词,故可放在它所修饰的名词之前。
我们既可以说: English is a living language.
也可以说: Is his father still living?
就使用场合而言,alive大都用于人,有时用作比喻或强调时也用于物。例如:
Given the chance to sing on stage,he is very much alive. 有机会在台上唱歌,他显得很活跃。
The bazaar was all alive by the time we arrived. 我们到达时,墟市非常热闹。
Living则人物共用(请参阅上面两例)。
就词性而言,alive只能用作形容词,不能作名词;living既可作形容词,又可作名词。例:
Many people were burnt alive in the conflagration that happened in a multi-storeyed building. 在一幢多层大厦内发生的大火中,很多人被活活烧死。
Our living standards are rising steadily. 我们的生活水平在不断提高。
Those who enjoy a good living seldom understand the suffering of the poor. 过着美好生活的人一般都不明白穷人所受之苦。
在某些场合下,living和alive表示的涵义并不相同,尽管它们都用作表语。例如:
At last we found him in a trap in the forest,still living but not alive.
通过对比,可以看出,living之意是“活的”;alive 之意是“有气息的”。这里的not alive表示人虽然还活着,但已“气息奄奄”、“没有生气”了。
Alive有时尚可表示“alert”“感觉到的”、“敏感的”涵义。如:
He is alive to the imminent danger. 他感觉到那迫在眉睫的危险。
『相似词语辨析【9】alone和lone』
这一对词都有“单独”、“孤单”(having no other person or thing nearby)之意,但用法有所不同。
就词性而言,alone既可作形容词,又可作副词;而lone只能作形容词,不能作副词。例如:
He is alone.(adj.)
He live alone.(adv.)
A lone bird flew past.(adj.)
用作形容词时,alone只能作表语;而lone一般只能作定语。例:
I am alone.(不能说: I am an alone person) 我独居。
She wants to make a lone flight. 她想单独飞行。
在现代英语里,alone和lone跟lonely涵义不同,前二者只表示“单独”,没有感情色彩,但后者则表示“孤单、寂寞”的感受。例:
Though I was alone in Hong Kong,I did not feel lonely. 虽然我独居香港,但是我并不感到寂寞。
The lone traveller led a lonely life. 那独行客过着寂寞的人生。
关于alone一词,在使用时要注意几点:
(一)alone是表语形容词,因此,我们不能说:very alone,只可以说much alone或very much alone。
(二)alone虽然作“单独”、“孤单”解,但它并不一定用于表示贬义的场合,因为有些人生来就喜欢“孤单”和“清静”,例如下句中的alone就是反映这个涵义:
Leave me alone. 不要打扰我。
(三)alone用在名词或代词之后可以表示“唯有”、“唯独”之意。例:
Jackson alone knows what happened. 唯有杰克逊一个人知道出了什么事。
You alone can help me in this task. 只有你才能在这件事中帮助我。
(四)let alone是固定词组,其义为“更不用说”、“不在话下”。例:
He can speak Spanish,let alone English. 他能说西班牙文,英语就更不在话下了。
He can't drive a car,let alone a truck. 他连小汽车都不会开,更不用说开卡车了。
由例句可见,let alone与to say nothing of同义,它们可互换使用。
『相似词语辨析【10】also和too』
这两个词都是副词,又都表示“也是”的意思,但在修辞意味和使用场合上有所不同。它们的区别如下:
(一)一般说来,also用于比较正式(formal)的场合,语气比too庄重; too是惯熟(familiar)的用语,使用范围较广。
(二)also在句中的位置要紧靠动词; too在句中的位置比较灵活,有时插入句中,前后用逗号分开,有时放在句末。
(三)too只能用在肯定句中,不可用于否定句内。在否定句中,只能用either;also则可以用在否定句中。
下面请看例句:
The Hong Kong Chief Executive also heads the university as Chancellor. 香港行政长官也以(大学)校监身份领导大学。
Reading books is learning,but application is also learning and the more important form of learning. 读书是学习,买践也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。
We have not heard such a thing.Also,we have never seen such a scene. 我们没有听见过这种事情,我们也从来没有见过这种场面。
请注意,一般说来,also在句中的位置应紧靠动词,但有时为了强调其意,也可以将它放在句首或句末。
Here,too,the colon must be followed by a dash. 这里也一样,应当在冒号之后加破折号。
Mary,too,can play the piano. 玛丽也会弹钢琴。
Could you speak Japanese?—Yes,and Spanish too. 您会说日语吗?——会的,还会说西班牙语哩。
Also虽然和too同义,但前者大都用于书面语,后者大都用于口语。例:
The lady washed the children and also gave them dinner.(书面语)
The lady washed the children and gave them dinner too.(口语)
在口语中,too还可以用 as well代替。
有时候,also在句中的位置不同,句子的涵义也会跟着变化。例:
John is also concerned in this matter.(1)
John also is concerned in this matter.(2)
John is concerned in this matter also.(3)
(1)句的涵义是:John is concerned in this matter as well as that one.
(2)句的涵义是:John is concerned in this matter,just as somebody else is.
(3)句的涵义是:This matter is the last of many that have been mentioned.
『相似词语辨析【11】amount和number』
amount,number
这一对词都能用作名词和动词,又都表示“数目”、“总数”之意,故很易混淆。
它们之间的区别是,amount用于不可数名词,表示“量”; number用于可数名词,表示“数”。例:
He has contributed a considerable amount of money to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.(amount为名词)
他捐了一笔为数可观的钱给香港中文大学。
Our expenditure amounts to fifty thousand dollars a month.(amount为动词) 我们每月的开支达五万元。
Every year the Hong Kong Book Fair draws a large number of visitors.(number为名词)每一年香港的书展吸引了大量的观众。
Today more than 30,000 students are enrolled in the polytechnic.
The full-time students in our department number over 3,500.(number为动词)
现在理工学院有三万多名学生;我们系里全日制的学生已超过三千五百名。
Amount除作“数量”、“总额”解外,亦可表示“价值”之意。例:
Your information is of little amount.(名词) 你的情报没有什么价值。
It is unlikely that the forthcoming talks will amount to very much.(动词) 看来即将举行的会谈不会有多大意义。
与amount一词搭配使用的字很多,常用的有:respectable~(相当大的数量); trifling~(微不足道的数额); approved~(核准的数额); fixed~(固定的数额); vast~(大量);average~(平均数);aggregate~(总额);required~(所需数); proper~(适量)。
与number搭配的形容词亦不少,常见的有:round ~(整数);serial~(编号); small~(为数不多);astonishing~(数目惊人); even~(偶数); odd~(奇数); high~(大数);low~(小数); huge(immense)~(巨大的数量);limited~(有限的数目);maximum~(最大量); minimum~(最小量);cardinal~(基数);ordinal~(序数);atomic~(原子序数)。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:50 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【12】another和the other』
这两个词都表示“另一个”的意思,但涵义和使用场合不同。Another是指不定数目中的“另一个”;the other是指两个人或两样事物中的“另一个”。例:
Have another piece of cake. 再吃一块饼吧。
Please fatch another cup for me. 请替我另拿一个杯子来。
That's quite another matter. 那完全是另一回事。
Both my uncles are abroad,one in Paris and the other in New York.我的两个叔叔都在国外,一个在巴黎,另一个在纽约。
One of them is yours;the other is mine. 一个是你的,另一个是我的。
值得注意的是,当我们在两样事物中任选一样时,应用one or the other;在三样或三样以上任选一样时,应用 one or other或one or another。
在someone,somehow,somewhere等字后,只能用other,不能用another。例:
We'll have to do it somehow or other.
在下列短语中,other也不能改作another:
some kind or other
some way or other
反之,用one时,则用another,例如:one way or another。在only之后,指唯一的就用one或other而不用another。
This is the only one/other stile to cross before we reach the wood.
当others和some对比使用在一个句子中,others失去“其他的”意义,而是表示“有的”或“有些”之义,相当于句中前面的some。例如:
Some like this,others like that. 有些人喜欢这个,自些人喜欢那个。
Some cleaned the blackboards,others mopped the floor. 有些人擦黑板,有些人拖地板。
『相似词语辨析【13】ante-和anti-』
这一对前缀的意义并不相同。ante- 是拉丁前缀,其意为“前面”、“在…之前”或“早于”(in front of or earlier than)。它既可以指地点,也可以指时间。例如:
anteroom 前厅;前房
antenuptial 婚前的
antebellum 战前的
antedate 先期;早日
antenatal 出生前的/产前的
antediluvian 太古的;大洪水前的
antemeridiem(a.m.) 上午的;午前的
Anti- 是希腊前缀,意为“反对”、“反面”(opposed to or the reverse of)。它加于名词和形容词之前。例如:
Anti-Japanese War 抗日战争
anticlockwise 反时针方向
anti-militarist 反军国主义者
anti-aircraft gun 高射炮
anti-trade wind 反季候风
antichrist 反基督者或伪基督
anticlimax 戏剧高潮后的缓和;修辞学里
的“渐降法”
Anti-也可以用在医学和化学术语里。例如:
antidote 解毒药
antiseptic 防腐剂/消毒药
antibiotics 抗生素
anti-freezing liquid 防冻液
antibody 抗体;抗毒素
在英语中,以ante-,anti- 作为前缀的词不胜枚举,下面也是一些常用的词:
antecedent 先行词
antechamber 前厅
antecessor 祖先;发起人
antemortem 死前的
antibiotics 抗菌素
anticyclone 逆旋风
anti-everything 样样都反对的
antigas kit 防毒装备
anti-icer 防止结冰的装置
antifriction 摩擦减少剂
antiphlogistine 消炎剂,消肿剂
请注意,anticipate的意思是“预期”、“预料”,这里的anti-并不表示“反对”之意,而是“预先”的意思。因此,我们说,这里的anti-等于ante-,是ante- 的变体(variant)。
『相似词语辨析【14】anyway和any way』
这一对词的意思并不一样。anyway和anyhow同义,但前者多用于美国英语,后者多用于英国英语。anyway 在句中用作副词和连接词,义:“无论如何”、“不管怎样”,相当于 in any case和at any rate。例:
Anyway,we can try. 不管怎样,我们可以试试看。
I will not change my mind anyway. 无论如何,我不愿意改变我的宗旨。
“I can give you a lift if you wait”—“No,I'll walk Thanks,anyway.”
“如果你等一下,我可以驾我的车送你去。”——“不用了,我步行好了。谢谢你(尽管我不坐你的车)!”。
Any way的意思是“任何方法”、“任何方式”,way 是名词,any是修饰它的定语。例:
If there is any way in which you can help me tide over the difficulties,let me know.
如果你有什么办法帮助我度过难关,请告诉我。
He could not find the way to the village in any way. 他怎么也找不到那条通向村庄的马路。
I cannot manage it any way. 我无法做到此事。
在上面第一个例句中,any way是用作条件状语从句的主语;在第二个例句中,any way作介词 in的宾语;在第三个例句中,any way用作状语,修饰谓语动词 cannot manage。
『相似词语辨析【15】as well as和as well』
这一对短语仅差一字之微,意义相近,故很易引起混淆。
作为习语用作介词时,as well as的涵义是“还有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是,在A as well as B的结构里,语意的重点在 A,不在 B。因此,“He can speak Spanish as well as English.”的译文应该是:“他不但会说英语,而且会讲西班牙语”,决不能译作:“他不但会说西班牙语,而且会讲英语”。如果这样翻译,就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同义,但前者的语意重点和后者的语意重点恰好颠倒。
如果 as well as用作连词引出比较从句,其义为“和…一样好”。因此,“He speaks Spanish as well as English.”应译作:“他说西班牙语像说英语一样好”。语意的重点依旧在前部,不在后半部。
请注意 as well as以下的用法:
She called on you as well as I. 不但我来看你,她也拜访了你。
She called on you as well as me. 她不但拜访了我,也拜访了你。
在下列句中,as well as表示“像…一样”的涵义:
She as well as you is an English teacher. 她像你一样也是英文教师。
这里的谓语动词用is,不用are,因为句中的主语是she,不是she和you。
As well是副词短语,其义为“也”,相当于too,它一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but搭配使用。例:
He is a worker,and a poet as well. 他是工人,但也是诗人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well. 中国拥有大量煤炭,其他的矿藏也很丰富。
Mr.Liu can speak English,but he can speak Cantonese as well. 刘先生会说英语,但他也能讲广东话。
『相似词语辨析【16】asleep和sleeping』
这两个词都表示“入睡”、“睡着”的意思,但用法各异,主要区别有以下几点:
(一)asleep是表语形容词,在句中放在verb“tobe”之后;它不能放在名词之前,例如我们不可以说:Look at the asleep baby,应把asleep改为sleeping。例:
She was fast asleep;I couldn't wake her up. 她睡得很熟,我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep. 那个老人睡着了。
请注意,be asleep是指“睡着”的状态,如果表示“入睡”的意味,就要用fall asleep。上面两个例句反映了这个区别。
(二)sleeping 是定语形容词,它放在它所修饰的名词之前,如the sleeping baby。如果放在 verb“to be”之后(He is sleeping),sleeping不是形容词,而是动词,is sleeping 是现在进行时。例:
Who is that sleeping man? 那个在睡觉的人是谁?
Keep an eye on the sleeping baby. 照看好那个在睡觉的婴孩。
Let sleeping dogs lie. 莫惹事生非。
sleeping一词有构词能力,它能和另一些词构成复合名词。如:sleeping-bag(睡袋);sleeping-car(卧车);sleeping-pill(安眠药);sleeping-sickness(昏睡症);sleeping-partner((不参与经营的)匿名合伙人)。
Sleeping有一近义词,即sleepy。sleepy既可作表语,又可作定语。作表语时,义:“困倦”、“想睡觉”,用作定语时,义:“贪睡”、“寂静的”。例:
The children fell sleepy;put them to bed. 孩子们困了,把他们放到床上睡吧。
John is a sleepyhead. 约翰是个贪睡的人。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon.Do you like this sleepy valley? 这里是九龙的郊区。你喜欢这寂静的山谷吗?

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:50 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【17】at ease和with ease』
这两个介词短语的词义范围和使用场合并不相同。at ease的意思是“安逸地”、“安心地”、“自在地”(feeling confident or relaxed),其反义短语为ill at ease;with ease的意思是“轻松地”、“容易地”(easily or without difficulty)。
就使用场合而言,at ease即可作表语,亦可作状语;with ease 只能用作状语。例:
The old couple are now quite at ease as their son is out of danger. 这一对老夫妻现在可安心了,因为他们的儿子已经脱离危险。
With good social security,the aged can live at ease. 有好的社会保障,老年人都过得很安逸。
Her promise of support set my mind at ease. 她答应支持我,就使我放心了。
I don't know why he is ill at ease. 我不知道为什么他心神不宁。
They fulfilled the task with ease. 他们轻松地完成了任务。
Our football team gained the day with ease.我们的足球队很轻松地就赢了这场球。
Every day we marched twenty miles with ease. 每天我们毫不费力地行进二十英里。
注:stand at ease是军事术语,义“稍息”;take one's ease是“休息”或“无拘无束”。例:
The soldiers are standing at ease now. 士兵们现在在立正稍息。
We are now taking our ease. 我们现在是优哉游哉。
Please sit and take your ease while enjoying a cup of coffee. 请坐下来舒舒服服地喝杯咖啡。
『相似词语辨析【18】at heart和by heart』
这一组短语的涵义也各不相同。
At heart 的意思是“在心里”、“心底里”或“本质上”(from the heart,from the bottom of one's heart or essentially)。by heart 的意思是“背诵”、“熟记”(by rote;to learn so well that one can remember it perfectly)。请看下面例句:
That socialite is a rascal at heart. 那个知名人士实质上是个坏蛋。
A councillor should have the collective interest of society at heart. 议员应当关心大众的利益。
At heart,Mr.Lin does not approve your proposal. 林先生的心里并不赞同你的建议。
Mr.Wang looks stem,but he is kind at heart. 王先生看来严肃,但买质上他很仁慈。
I know this poem by heart. 我熟读/我能背诵这首诗。
I don't see the point of learning by heart all the dates in the history book! 我真不明白为什么要把历史书里所有的日期都要记下来!
请注意下列短语的意思:(跟前例 have something at heart相近)
in one's heart of hearts 在内心深处
take something to heart 认真考虑/关注某事
set one's heart on something 决心做/得到某事/物
cut(or touch)sb to the heart 触及某人痛处
one's heart is in something 把整个心放在某事上
『相似词语辨析【19】at last和at length』
这一对短语都有“终于”、“最后”的意思,但涵义和使用场合有所不同。
At length 这个词组共有三个意义: (1)长时间地。例如:He spoke at(great)length.(2)详细地。例如:They treated the subject at length.(3)终于;最后。例:After flying for ten hours,they got to San Francisco at length.
作第三种意义使用时,at length与at last同义,但它们的内涵却有所不同。当人们做某事时,遇到了困难,经过奋斗,最后得以完成,在这种场合,我们用at last。如果在做的过程中,经历了很长的时间才得以完成,这时候,不论困难大小,都可用at length表示。为此,我们说,at last强调的是“经过努力奋斗”;at length 强调的是“经历很长的时间”。通过下列例句的对比,不难看出它们之间的区别:
Before they climbed down the side of the cliff,they met with many obstacles,but they surmounted them at last.
从悬崖的侧面爬下来之前,他们遇到了许多障碍,但终于把它们克服了。
In spite of every obstacle,they have at last arrived at the destination. 尽管障碍很多,他们终于到达了目的地。
After a voyage of five months,they at length arrived safe and sound. 经过五个月的航行,他们终于安全抵达。
请注意,用length构成的介词短语很多,常见的有:
Hong Kong Exhibition Centre measures 200 metres in length. 香港展览中心长达二百公尺。
They discussed this problem at great length. 他们非常详细地讨论了这个问题。
Yesterday I had my picture taken at the studio at full length. 昨天我在照相馆拍了一张全身照。
They travelled through the length and breadth of the country. 他们走遍全国。
『相似词语辨析【20】at(the)least和not(in)the least』
这一对短语的涵义有很大的差异。
At least的意思是“至少”(指数量或程度上)也可解作“反正就是…”。它与 at the least,at the very least同义,可互换使用,但后两者有强调意味,远不及前者用得普遍。
下面请看例句:
The total enrolment of the university in the academic year 1991-1992 was at least 10,000,including undergraduate and postgraduate students.
在1991-1992学年期间,该大学至少有一万名大学生,包括本科大学生和研究主。
Even if you cannot help him,you can give him encouragement at least. 就算你未能帮助他,至少你可以鼓励他。
Whether you like it or not,at the very least,this is reality. 不管你是否喜欢,反正这是个现实。
Not the least 的意思是“毫不”、“一点也不”(by no means),也可写作 not in the least。但后者一般不用作定语。现今,后者更常见。
Are you cold?—Not(in)the least. 你冷吗?—一点也不冷。
Spanish has not the least interest for them.(作定语,没有in) 他们刘西班牙语毫不感兴趣。
(此句亦可改写为:They do not take the least interest in Spanish)
You shouldn't relax your vigilance(in)the least. 你们不能丝毫放松警惕。
另一方面,not least义为“尤其是,特别是”:
That film caused public revulsion,not least among the education circles. 该电影引起公愤,特别是教育界的深恶。
短语 least of all的涵义是“最不”。例:That's the thing I like least of all.(这是我最不喜欢的东西)。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:51 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【21】at the end of和by the end of』
这一对短语的意思都是“在…的末了”、“在…的一端”,意义上相似,但使用场合有所不同。
一般说来,at the end of用于表示具体事物或场所的场合,它也可以用来表示比喻意。例:
The school is situated at the end of the street. 该校位于这条街的尽头。
We'll have an exam in English at the end of January. 一月底我们要参加英语考试。
They were at the end of their patience. 他们忍无可忍。
He is at the end of his wits. 他智穷才尽,束手无策。
By the end of用于表示时间的场合,往往含有“不迟于”的意味。值得注意的是,at the end of亦可用于表示时间的场合(见上面第二个例句),但其义和by the end of有所不同。试对比下面两例:
at the end of January 一月底(指一月份的最后一天)
by the end of January 一月底之前(指一月份结束前的几天)
We are to complete the task by the end of the year.年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。
Their communication is at an end. 他们的交往到此为止。
短语 in the end的涵义是“终于”、“最后”,其义相当于 at last。例:
I'm sure everything will turn out satisfactory in the end. 我确信,最后一切都会令人满意的。
In the end things will mend. 船到桥头自会直。
『相似词语辨析【22】await和wait』
这两个词都是动词,又都有“期待”、“等候”之意,但用法有所不同,它们的区别如下:
(一)await是及物动词,后面直接接宾语;wait虽然也可用作及物动词,但在现代英语中,一般作不及物动词用,与for,to,till,until等词连用。
(二)await的宾语大都是抽象名词,如:decision,reply,arrival,announcement,return等;wait for的宾语一般是人或事物。
The judge awaits the coroner's inquest before giving a verdict. 法官在作裁决前等待验尸官的调查。
I have been waiting for her for an hour at the bus stop. 我在公共车站等候她已一小时了。
(三)await之后接动名词;wait之后接动词不定式。例如:
We shall await hearing further from them.
We shall wait to hear further from them.
我们在静候他们进一步的消息。
(四)await多用于书面语;wait 多用于口语。如:
This plan awaits the approval of the board of directors. 这项计划有待董事局批准。
I have been waiting here for a long time. 我已在这里等了好久了。
(五)wait 除作动词外,还可用作名词。例:
I had a long wait for the train. 我等火车等了好久。
They pursue a policy of wait and see. 他们采取等待和观望的政策。
如上所述,wait在特定情况下也可以用作及物动词,例如:to wait your turn;to wait one's opportunity。
请注意下列句子中await和wait的使用场合:
We await (or wait for)your reply.
We wait for(不能用await)you to reply.
I shall wait to bring her home.(不能用await)
I await (or wait for)your ruling on the matter with some impatience.
当await的主语是没有生命的事物而宾语是人时,await表示 be in store或lie in wait for之意。如:
On arriving at the guest house,he found a telegram awaiting him.
Little did he realize what a surprise awaited him at home.
A hearty welcome will await you.
请注意,Time and tide wait(s)for no man(岁月不待人)的wait既可以加s,亦可不加s。
『相似词语辨析【23】award和reward』
这两个词都可以用作名词和动词,作名词时,意义相近,但不是同义词。
作名词时,award的意思是“奖品”、“奖金”,其义与prize近似,两者都指因为作出杰出成就而受奖。例:
The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award.
He won the second award of $ 2,000.
而reward作名词时,其意为“赏金”、“酬金”或一些非金钱的报酬。例:
We will offer a reward of ten thousand dollars for information about the case. 如果有人提供有关案件的情报,我们愿意出一万元赏金。
We don't expect substantial rewards. 我们并不期望得到优厚的报酬。
用作动词时,award的意思是“授与”、“颁发”、“判给”;reward则表示“报答”、“酬谢”之意。例:
He was awarded the first prize for Outstanding Industrial Design. 他获杰出工业设计一等奖。
We judge awarded him twenty thousand dollars as damages. 法官判给他二万元作为赔偿费。
You should reward them according to their deserts. 你应该对他们论功行赏。
Is that how you reward me for my help? 你就是这样来报答我给你的帮助吗?
reward也可以用于比喻意。例:
I would feel amply rewarded if my book—A Study of English Twins—could be of some help to the readers.
如果我的书《英语学生词语之研究》对读者有所帮助的话,我就感到心满意足了。
『相似词语辨析【24】be ashamed for和be ashamed of』
be ashamed for,be ashamed of
这一对形容词短语的涵义并不相同。
To be ashamed for 的意思是“为…(一般指外在的人或事物,如他人)而感到羞耻”;to be ashamed of的意思是“由于…(一般指内在的人或事物,如自己)而感到羞耻”。例:
I'm ashamed for you. 我为你感到羞耻。
I'm ashamed of you. 我以你为耻。
I felt ashamed for the callousness of the government in tackling land speculation. 对于政府处理地产投机态度麻木不仁,我引以为耻。
Are you ashamed of doing such a thing? 你做这样的事感到羞耻吗?
其他因搭配介词不同而含义及用法改变的词语有:
He is considerate of other people's feelings. 他能体谅别人的感情。
He is considerate to old people. 他对老年人很体贴。
I'm anxious for a change. 我渴望改变一下环境。
I'm anxious about his health. 我为他的健康而担忧。
She did it of herself. 她自愿去做此事。
She did it by herself. 她独立去做此事。
They are suffering for their country. 他们正在为国受苦。
They are suffering from the war. 他们由于战争而在受难。
『相似词语辨析【25】be going to和will』
Be going to在表示“将要”的意味时,很容易和will混淆不清。
试看下面的对话:
A:The detergent has been used up. 洗洁精已用光了。
B:I'm going to get some today.
C:I'll get some today.
乍然看来,乙和丙的答话的意思是一样的,都是:“今天我要去买些”,其实不然。乙用 am going to get回答甲,其言外之意是:“在甲讲洗洁精用完这句话之前,他早已心中有数,并且早就有去买洗洁精的打算”。丙用will get来回答,表示:“事前并不知道洗洁精已用完,原先也没有打算去买,直等到甲讲了之后,他才决定去买”。
通过上面的例句,我们可以知道下列对话中乙、丙的回答的不同涵义了:
A:Where is my dictionary?
B:I'm going to get it for you.
C:I'll get it for you.
此外,be going to和will还有下列的区别:
(一)be going to表示即将发生的动作;will表示将来发生的事情,不一定是最近期间之事。例:
She told him she was going to quit the job. 她告诉他,她即将辞职不干。
She will go to Australia next year. 她明年要去澳洲。
(二) be going to可以用以表示某人打算做某事;will则用以叙述某件将要发生之事。前者含有主观意愿;后者只是客观的叙述。例:
He is not going to be made a scapegoat. 他不会去做替罪羊。
He will not beome a scapegoat. 他不会做替罪羊。
(三)在表示按计划或安排要发生的动作时,可以用be going to;will只表示单纯的将来,并无按规定或计划之意。例:
The railway is going to be open on October 1. 这条铁路将于十月一日通车。
This railway will be electrified when there is a need. 有需要时,这条铁路将改为电气化。
『相似词语辨析【26】Be off和to be off』
这两个短语的涵义并不相同。
Be off!的意思是“走开!”、“滚开!”,相当于英语的Be gone!或Get away!例:
Be off! you wretch! 滚开!你这个卑鄙的家伙!
Be off! or I'll call the police. 你出去,否则我要报警啦。
Be off!亦可写作 Be off with you!或 Off with you!这三种形式可互换使用。
To be off的涵义较多,有“离去”、“出发”、“脱离”、“暂停”、“中断”、“取消”等义。例:
I must be off.(=I must leave now.) 我该走了。
We are off!(=Off we go!) 我们出发了!
值得注意的是,We are off!和Off we go!可根据不同的场合和上下文,表达不同的时间概念。它们能表示We have started、We are starting和We are about to start等义。同样,They are off to Macau根据不同的场合,可分别译作:“他们已去澳门”、“他们正在动身去澳门”和“他们将要去澳门”。
Her shoes are off! 她把鞋脱了!
The electricity(water or gas)is off! 断电(水或煤气)啦!
Their engagement is off. 他们的婚约取消了。
除上列各义外,to be off还可用以表述下列意思:
We are off every Wednesday. 我们每星期三休息。
She sounds off on the telephone. 谈电话时她有点不客气/不自然/不对劲。
All books have 20% off. 所有的书籍均八折出售。
This fish is slightly off. 这鱼有点不新鲜。
The motor is off.  马达停了。
To be off 还可用在某些固定的说法里。如:
to be off with the old love and on with the new(另找新欢)

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:51 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【27】believe和believe in』
这一对词语都表示“相信不疑”的意思,但词意有细微的区别。
Believe表示“相信”、“信以为真”(to accept as true)之意,它是及物动词,其后直接跟宾语。例:
Do you believe his reports? 你相信他的报告吗?
I could hardly believe my eyes. 我几乎不能相信自己的眼睛。
In ancient times it was believed that the earth was flat. 古时候,人们认为地球是扁平的。
Believe in则表示“信仰”、“信任”(to have faith in somebody or something)之意。其后的常用搭配语为:有关宗教、理论、原则、概念及可信任之人,如:a religion、ghosts、 fairies、 a theory、 a friend等词;例中的believe为不及物动词。如:
We do not believe in ghosts. 我们不信鬼神。
He believes in getting plenty of exercise. 他相信多锻炼身体就会有好处。
In the days of the French Revolution,people believed in liberty, equality and fraternity.
法国大革命时代的人们信奉自由、平等及博爱。
现在试比较下列两语的不同涵义:
I believe him.(=I believe what he says) 我相信他(的话)。
I believe in him.(=I trust him ) 我相信他是一个可以信得过的人。(即:我信任他)
在英美人的谈话中,经常可以听到这么一句口头禅——Believe me:这是一个用以表示希望对方相信自己谈话的口头语,它相当于I bet或 Take my word for it。例:
Believe me,you will get well very soon. 你一定会很快就恢复健康的。
Believe me 可以根据不同的场合,译作“真的”、“我不骗你”、“一定会”或“请相信”。
『相似词语辨析【28】borrow和lend』
这一对动词都是“借”、“借用”的意思,但使用场合不同。
Borrow是“借他人的东西以暂时使用”,表示“从(问)…借”之意,故译“借入”;其搭配介词为from。例:
May I borrow your car? 我可以借你的汽车用一下吗?
Did you borrow money from him ? 你问他借过钱吗?
Some people are good at borrowing but had at giving back. 有些人很会借东西,但很少归还。
Japanese has borrowed heavily from Chinese. 日语从汉语借用了大量的词汇。
Lend是“将自己的东西暂时借给别人使用”,表示“借给……”之意,故译“借出”;其搭配介词为to。例:
Will you lend me your car? 你可否把汽车借给我?
I'm sorry.I've already lent my car to Mr.Wang. 对不起,我已经把我的汽车借给王先生了。
在某些场合下,“lend…to”可以表示“给予”、“赋予”之意。例:
A fireplace lends coziness to a room. 壁炉给房间带来温暖舒适之感。
A becoming dress lends charm to a lady. 合身的服装会给女士增添魅力。
The rural environment lent itself to the restoration of his health. 乡村的环境有助于他恢复健康。
Loan与lend同义,前者大都用于美国,后者大多用于英国:
He loaned/lend me all the antiques for exhibition. 他借给我全部古董作为展览之用。
Loan亦可用作名词,如:make a loan(借出);pay off(repay)a loan(偿清或偿还借款)。例:
He obtained cheap loans from the bank. 他从银行获得低息贷款。
『相似词语辨析【29】breath和breathe』
这两个词都是表示“呼吸”的意思,但词性和读音不同。 breath/breI是名词; breathe/briJ/是动词。初学英语的人容易将breathe的e丢掉,以致与breath混淆不清。
请看下面例句:
After we had climbed to the top of the hill,we stopped to gather breath. 我们爬到山顶后便停下来歇口气。
Only in the countryside can we have a breath of fresh air. 只有在郊野我们才能呼吸到新鲜的空气。
He has run himself out of breath. 他跑得上气不接下气。
The old lady breathed her last this morning. 老太太今天早上断气了。
In an attack of asthma,she breathed hard. 哮喘发作,她感到呼吸困难。
It's healthy to breathe deeply in the morning 早上作深呼吸对身体有益。
请注意,在下列例句内,breathe和 take a breath不能互换使用,因为它们表达的涵义有所不同:
We breathe in order to live. 为了生存,我们要呼吸。
We paused to take a breath 我们停下来喘了一口气。
『相似词语辨析【30】bring,take,carry,fetch』
这四个词都是动词,都含有“带”或“拿”的意思,但使用场合各不相同。
Bring作“带来”、“拿来”解; take是bring的对语,作“带去”、“拿去”解。例:
Next year you may bring your family over from England. 明年你可以把你的家属从英国带来。
Why don't you bring your girl friend to the party? 你为什么不把你的女友带来参加宴会?
Next time don't forget to brig me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份您的作品带给我。
Please take these books to the library for me. 请把这些书替我带到图书馆去。
Take the box away,please. 请把盒子拿走。
Carry表示“运载”、“携带”之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车、船,也可以用手甚至用头;fetch则表示“去拿来”(go and bring)的意思。例:
They are carrying some paintings to the art gallery. 他们正在把一些画带到艺术馆去。
This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 这辆巴士规定乘载一百人。
Please fetch me the documents in that room. 请到那间房间去把那些文件拿来给我。
Please wait a minute.He's just gone out to fetch some water. 请等一会儿。他刚出去打水。
现将bring,take和fetch用在一个句中,以便区别:
Take that box and bring it with you,or if it is too heavy for you tocarry it,I'll send Joe to fetch it.
请注意,bring之后可以接不定式和动名词,如:
You will never bring me to admit it.或 You will never bring me to admitting it.
在这种场合下,英美人用不定式的居多。bring在这两句中表示 cause someone to do something之意(使某人做某事)。
『相似词语辨析【31】by all means和by no means』
这一组词并非同义词,而是具有鲜明对立意义的反义语。它们带有强烈的感情色彩,在文句中起加强语势的作用。
By all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。例:
You must bring him here by all means. 你们一定要设法把他带到这里来。
This project must be realized by all means. 这个规划必须要实现。
You should by all means warn him before he leaves for Singapore. 你务必在他去新加坡之前提醒他。
By all means亦可用于回答,表示有礼貌的同意,作“好的”、“当然可以”解。例:
May I have one?—Yes,by all means. 我可以拿一个吗?——当然可以。
By no means的意思是“决不”,相当于not at all。例:
She is by no means bright. 她一点儿也不聪明。
I will by no means consent.我决不同意。
The first step will take quite a long time and can by no means be accomplished overnight.
第一步的时间是相当地长,决不是一朝一夕所能完成的。
请注意下列三点:
(一)by all means和by no means的 means永远用复数形式,“s”不能丢掉。
(二)by all means与by all manner of means通用;by no means 可与 by no manner of means换用,但后者只作特别强调,远不如前者用得普遍。
(三)by any means的意思是“总之”;by some means (or other)的意思是“用某种方式(或方法)”;不要把它们与by all means或by no means混淆。
『相似词语辨析【32】by name和in name』
这一对短语的外貌颇相像,但涵义有别。by name (也可说成 by the name of)是个中性词组,义:“名叫什么”,它放在专有名词之后,以表示你所要说明的人或物的确实名称; in name是贬义词,表示“名义上”、“徒有虚名”之意。例:
The aeronautical engineering institute has built an airplane, “Stingray”by name. 航空学院制造了一架飞机,名叫“刺 ”。
There was a great poet China,Qu Yuan by name. 中国有个伟大的诗人,名叫屈原。
Someone by the name of Mary wants to see yon. 有个叫玛丽的要见您。
He is a doctor in name only;he stays in the stock exchange all day long. 他只是名义上是个医生;他整天在股票交易所里。
请注意by name在下列句中的涵义和用法:
I know him by name. 我听到过他的名字(但和他本人并不相识)。
He mentioned you by name. 他曾提起你的名字。

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『相似词语辨析【33】by/for/in/of oneself』
by oneself,for oneself, in oneself,of oneself 这四个词组的意义有所不同。
By oneself的意思是“单独地”、“靠自己地”( alone or independently)。例:
His father lives by himself in the village. 他的父亲独自一个人住在村里。
All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now. 他所有的朋友都离弃他,现在他孤独一人。
For oneself的意义为“为自己”(for himself or for herself)。例:
One should not live only for oneself. 人不应单为自己而活。
In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例:
This wood is hard in itself. 这种木头本要就是硬的。
Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自发地”、“自动地”(of one's own accord)。例:
Every day I awake of myself at half past five. 每天早上我都是五点半就自己醒来。
The door opened of itself. 门是自己开的。
The fire went out of itself. 火自己熄灭了。
与上列四个短语相类似的还有两个词组,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者义:“失常”、“发狂”;后者是“独自占有或享用”。例: He was beside himself with joy. 他欣喜若狂。
When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself. 人们在饭店吃饭时,总是喜欢独占一桌。
Oneself和 one's self的区别也是值得我们注意的。Oneself是反身强调代词,意指自己;one's self则是代词加名词,意指个人的本性。它们的区别如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一样。例: She made a cup of tea for herself. 她为自己烧了一杯茶。
She looked just like her old self. 她看上去和从前依然一模一样。
请注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵义,这是其他反身代词所没有的特性。例:
They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party. 他们邀请我父亲和我参加他们的聚会。
He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street. 在马路上他既没有看见我,也没有看见玛丽。
『相似词语辨析【34】by turns和in turn』
如同 by name和 in name 参阅该节)一样,这一对短语也不是同义语。 by turns的意思是“轮流地”、“交替地”、“忽而…忽而…”( one after another; alternately or in rotation);in turn的意思是“依次相继地”(each in due succession)。例:
We read the poem by turns. 我们轮流读这首诗。
They sang songs by turns 他们轮流唱歌。
He grew pale and red by turns. 他的脸一会儿红一会儿白。
We sang the song in turn. 我们依照次序唱歌。
We were summoned in turn to see the judge. 法宫依次召见我们。
跟by turns同义是 take turns,但二者语法不同。前者是副词片语,作状语用,后者为动词片语。例:
The classes visited the exhibition by turns.
The classes took turns to visit the exhibition.
各班学生轮流参观展览。
请注意,on the turn的意思则是“正在变化(转变)中”。例如:
The bullish stock market is on the turn 股票牛市开始变了。
『相似词语辨析【35】China和china』
这两个词都是名词,读音相同,但意义有别。
China(首字母大写)是“中国”,指 the People's Republic of China;china(首字母小写)是“瓷器”,尤指优质瓷器。例:
This car is made in China. 这辆汽车是中国制造的。
She laid out a small tray with the best china on the table. 她把盛着上等瓷具的小托盆放在桌上。
有趣的是,类似区别的现象不但出现于单词中,也见诸于短语里。如: in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums。前者的意思是“在Doldrums海域里”。Doldrums位于非洲海岸大西洋内,是个热带无风带。该海域的特点为,当大西洋其他地区刮大风时,海浪滔天,而the Doldrums 海面依旧平静如常,后来人们由此而引伸出另一个意义,当他们感到“意志消沉”、“毫无生气”或“闷闷不乐”时,就用 to be in the doldrums这个短语来表示。现在请对比 in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums在下列句中的不同涵义:
Our ocean liner is now sailing in the Doldrums. 我们的轮船现在正在Doldrums海域航行。
Recently,trade appeared to be in the doldrums.近来商业一片萧条。
You look as though you were in the doldrums.Cheer up! 看来你的意志颇消沉,振作点吧!
『相似词语辨析【36】clean和clear』
这两个词都可用作形容词、动词或副词,意义相近,故易混淆。
Clean的本义是“清洁干净”,强调没有尘污,其反义词是dirty;clear的本义是“不模糊”、“不难解”,即:“清晰”、“明白”故前者的同义词是neat和tidy;后者的同义词是obvious和apparent。例:
Everything is spotlessly clean in their room. 他们的房间里样样东西都是一尘不染。
It is essential that we keep the city clean and green. 重要的是我们应保持城市整洁和绿化。
Her pronunciation is clear and her words are understandable. 她的发音清晰,话也易懂。
Do I make myself clear on this point? 关于这一点我说清楚了吗?
Clean作动词用时义为“清洁/使清洁”;clear作动词时,义为“清除”或“转晴”,作副词时,义:“清楚地”、“完全地”。例:
The rubbish must be cleared away. 一定要把这些垃圾清除掉。
It will clear up in no time. 天气即将放晴。
A bullet went clear through the stone wall. 有一颗子弹完全穿过了石墙。
如所周知,clear的另一副词是clearly,但在下列语句中,应用副词clear,而不用clearly:
ten feet clear足足有十英呎
They cried clear through the night. 他们整整哭了一个晚上。
It vanished clear away(=clean away). 它完全消失不见了。
He spoke loud and clear. 他讲得既响亮,又清楚。
值得注意的是,如果clear之前用另一副词very或quite,就必须将clear改为clearly,即:
He spoke very(or quite)clearly.
『相似词语辨析【37】clean和cleanse』
用作动词时,clean很易和另一动词cleanse混淆不清。
Clean的意思是“使洁净”、“把…去垢”(to make clean by washing,dusting,sweeping or brushing)。如:to clean a dress,room,hand,shoe,watch等。例:
Please clean your shoes. 请把鞋刷干净。
He cleaned the floor with water. 他用水冲洗地板。
I have got my watch cleaned in a watch-shop. 我的表已在一家钟表店清洁过了。
Cleanse的意思是“清洗干净”,“使…纯洁”(to make thoroughly clean or make pure)。为此,cleanse含有“彻底洗清”之意味,语义比clean强得多。clean和cleanse的另一区别是前者为一般用语;后者是正式的(formal)或古旧的用语,有时它还能用于比喻意义,例如to cleanse one's soul洗涤心灵;to cleanse the heart of sin 洗心革面;ethnic cleansing种族清洗/灭绝。
下面请看例句:
We have cleansed the garden of weeds. 我们已把花园里的杂草清除干净。
She bought some detergent and antiseptic from a dyeing and cleansing store. 她从一家洗染商店买了洗洁精和消毒剂。
You must cleanse your heart and soul. 你必须洗心革面,重新做人。
Cleansed of guilt by atonement,he felt light of heart again. 通过赎罪的方式洗清他的罪行后,他的心变得再次安乐。
That tribe is facing ethnic cleansing. 那部落正面临种族灭绝的厄运。
请注意,cleanser是cleanse的名词,它有两个不同的意义,一个是“清洁剂”(a liquid we use for cleaning something),另一个是“做清洁工作的人”(a person who is employed to clean something)。
『相似词语辨析【38】climate和weather』
这两个词的词义有细微的差异,使用场合也有所不同。
Climate指某地的平均气候或经常性的气候(average weather conditions);weather指某地一时的天气,如寒暖、晴雨和干湿的变化情况(a particular condition of wind,rain,snow,sunshine,etc.)。例如:
The climate of our country is mild,but individual places experience bad weather. 我国的气候是温和的,但有时个别地区也会出现坏天气。
请再看下面的例句:
A drier climate would be good for your health. 比较干燥的天气也许会对你的健康有好处。
What is the weather like today? 今日天气如何?
In Hong Kong people seldom wear galoshes in wet weather. 在香港下雨天很少有人穿童鞋。
请注意,weather之前不可以用不定冠词a来修饰。例如我们不可以说:What a brilliant weather!应把a删去。
另外,用作比喻义时,climate与weather都指“环境”,“情况”,但使用场合有些不同。例如:
The favourable political climate is conducive to economic investment. 良好的政治气候有利于经济投资。
The hostile climate in the institute makes working there difficult. 机构里的恶劣气氛使在那里工作变得困难。
You cannot rely on fair-weather friends to help you in all weathers.你不要指望一些酒肉朋友在种种环境里都能帮助你。

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发表于 2006-8-12 15:53 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【39】close和near』
用作形容词时,close很易与near混淆不清。
Close的意思是“紧接时”、“靠近时”、“近傍时”,涵义比near强。它既可以指地点、时间和次序上的接近,也可以指感情上的接近。例:
My house is close to the public library. 我的家靠近公共图书馆。
The examination is close at hand. 考期已逼近。
She is close with him:They are very close friends. 她和他很亲密:他门是很亲密的朋友。
First cousins are close relatives. 堂/表兄弟是近亲。
His father is close on ninety years of age. 他的父亲将近九十岁。
close to有时作“大约”解,如:
Close to 4,000 young men and women took part in this sportsmeet. 大约有四千名男女青年参加了这个运动会。
Near有时可以和close互换使用,但涵义比close弱。例如:我们形容两幢相近可见的房屋时,用near;而形容屋檐相接的两幢房屋时,则用close。因此,near并不像close具有紧接的意味,而是用以指距离较近或不久将要发生和实现之事。near有时亦可指关系和感情的密切。例:
In Hong Kong,residential houses are quite near(to)the airport 在香港住宅很接近机场。
Is Tiger Balm Garden near or far? 虎豹别墅离这里是近还是远?
In the near future they can complete this arduous task. 在不久的将来,他们就可以完成这项艰巨的任务。
All of them are my near relations. 他们都是我的近亲。
Near有时还可用以表示“吝啬”的意味。例:
He is very near with his money. 他很吝啬。
请注意,“近视眼”是near-sighted,不用close,“近东”是the Near East,也不能用close。
『相似词语辨析【40】clothes和clothing』
这两个词都是名词,又都表示“衣装”之意,但涵义和用法有所不同。
Clothes的意思是“衣服”,意指全身衣服的各个部分(different parts of the covering of the body),故永远用复数形式,它是个不可数名词,前面不可以用不定冠词,也不能用数词修饰,但可以被many,those和these等词修饰。clothes所指的往往是比较具体的一件件衣物。例:
Please send these clothes to the laundry. 请把这些衣服送到洗衣店去。
Clothes do not make the man.We should not judge a man by the clothes he wears. 人不是用衣服装成的,我们不应看衣不看人。
My wife has folded my clothes and put them in the drawer. 我的太太已把衣服叠好并放在抽屉里了。
Clothing的意思是“衣着”,意指衣服的整体而言(the entire covering of the body taken as a whole),它是衣服的总称,统指男女老少各式和各样的衣物。Clothing是不可数名词,永远用单数形式;如同clothes一样,不可以和数词或不定冠词连用。例:
Coats,overcoats,shorts,trousers,shirts and socks are articles of clothing. 上衣、大衣、短裤、长裤、衬衫和短袜等等都是衣物。
In their country many people cannot solve the clothing problem. 在他们的国家里,有许多人不能解决衣着问题。
A fox is no sheep,though dressed in sheep's clothing. 披着羊皮,终非真羊。
They do not have enough warm clothing for the winter.他们没有足够的过冬衣服。
请注意,“一套衣服”是a suit of clothes;“一件衣服”是an article of clothing,这里的suit和axticle不能互换使用,但也可说成warm clothes。分别是前者泛指,后者是具体的。
请注意,garments与clothes同义,它尤指外衣而言,是正式用语,特别是制衣业惯用词:如she owns a garment factory,而且,不像clothes,它是个可数名词。dress是穿在外面的衣服,尤指妇女和小孩外出时所穿的服装或礼服;costume则指某一种人或某一时代特有的装束或戏服。
『相似词语辨析【41】college,institute,university』
这三个词都能表示“高等学府”之义,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。
一般说来,college译作“学院”,它是university (大学)的一个组成部分,例如,一所综合大学里设有文学院、理学院、医学院等,故一所大学往往是由多所较小的college合并而成。值得注意的是,在英国,大学称为university,而在美国大学称为college;有些规模较小的大学也可称之为junior college。
“学院”一字的英语对应词很多,除了college之外,尚有institute,academy,school,conservatory,centre和faculty等字,例如以前的上海和北京的外语学院均用institute一词,麻省理工学院(MIT)也叫institute;美国的西点军校用academy;独立的音乐学院或大学多用conservatory或academy(欧洲多用);但一所大学内的音乐学院则叫School of Music或College of Music。西方有些医学院称之为medical centre;英国大学的学院则大都用school,如London School of Economics,较小的学院称为faculty,如Faculty of Science、Faculty of Arts,而神学院则用seminary一词。
Institute一般也译作“学院”,但它着重表示单科的或专科性的院校,例如,在中国,一般的铁道、航空、邮电、美术等学院均用institute一词。值得注意的是,世界著名的学府MIT(麻省理工学院)是一所多学科性的大学,但它依然用institute一词,即:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,既为世人所知,就没有必要把它改称为university了。
由此可见,用词不同多因地区不同而发生:college 在美国指大学,在英国则指学院,甚至中学;所以香港的中学很少称为middle school而叫college。school一词则既指大学学院,也解作一般中小学校。
有趣的是,university一词可以和college连用。英国有个以研究英语语音学而闻名于世的学者,叫Daniel Jones,年轻时,他曾攻读于伦敦的一所称为University College School。这里的University College是专有名词,用作定语,修饰School。
『相似词语辨析【42】concerned和concerning』
这两个词的词义并不相同,用法亦有异。
Concerned是分词形容词,其意为“有关的”(involved);concerning是由分词转换而成的介词,其意为“关于”(relating to)。请看下面的例句:
This agreement will be signed by the parties concemed. 此协议将由各有关方面签署。
They called on all departments concemed to take prompt steps to promote the development of light industry.
他们要求各有关部门迅速采取措施,促进轻工业发展。
由例句可见,concerned用作形容词解作“有关的”时,是后置定语,大都放在它所修饰的名词之后。但在verb“to be”之后而同样解作“关于”时,则要用be concerned with的形式,如:
This book is concerned with English usage. 此书是与英语惯用法有关。
值得注意的是,concerned(亦可表示动词之意)也可解作“关心”、“担心”解,与之搭配的介词为at、about或,用作此意时,concerned也是形容词。例:
He was deeply concerned at the news. 听到这个消息时,他深为担忧。
We are all concerned about the pollution of the environment here. 对这里的环境爱到污染,我们都感到不安。
Parents are naturally conerned for their children's safety. 父母自然关心他们儿女的安全。
下面是concerning的例句:
This is a proposal concerning the construction of the new airport. 这是关于兴建新机场的一项建议。
Yesterday we wrote him a letter concerning the business arrangement. 昨天我们就业务安排问题写了一封信给他。
在个别场合下,concerned with可以和concerning互换使用,原因是从句which are concerned with中的which are 省略了。例如:
We had several disputes concerning/(which are)concerned with this matter. 关于此事,我们曾争论过数次。
请注意,下列语句的区别:
They were concerned(worried)about the matter. 他们为此事而担忧。
They were concerned(implicated)in the matter. 他们参与此事。
They were concemed (connected)with the matter. 他们与此事有关。
此外,作为特定词组,as far as I am concerned解作in my opinion;as far as sth is concerned解作concerning sth/ talking about sth。例:
As far as I'm concerned,this plan is impractical. 依我来看,这个计划不切实际。
As far as funding is concerned,some banks have agreed to provide loans. 关于资金方面,一些银行同意提供贷款。
『相似词语辨析【43】consist in和consist of』
在英语里,我们常会碰到这种现象,由于所用的介词不同,其语意也就变得大不相同。例如,consist in表示“在于…”之意;consist of则表示“包含”,“由…组成”之意。前者说明一样事物的性质,这种性质大都是抽象的、非物质的;后者则说明组成某一事物的部分,这些部分大都是具体的、物质的。例如:
Happiness consists in trying to do one's duty,not in amassing wealth. 快乐的源泉在于尽义务,而不在于积聚财富。
The best remedy for tuberculosis consists in rest. 肺结核病的最好良药就是休息。
The value of this teaching method consists in the interest it stimulates in the students. 这种教学法的优点是在于能引起学生的兴趣。
Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. 水田氧和氢组成。
This delegation consists of ten famous actors. 这个代表团由十名著名影星组成。
Our golf club consists of 150 members. 我们的高尔夫俱乐部有一百五十名会员。
『相似词语辨析【44】credible和creditable』
这两个词并非同义词。credible表示“可信的”(believable or trustworthy)意思,通常指人物、言语、历史、故事等的可信;creditable表示“可称誉的”、“可赞赏的”(honourable,respectable or praiseworthy)意思,通常指人的行为,表现或工作而言。例:
This is hardly credible. 此事难以置信。
His words are credible. 他的话是可信的。
The performance of Broadway Show is highly creditable. 百老汇歌舞团的表演是非常值得赞许的。
Credible的反义词是incredible;creditable的反义词是discreditable。下面将credible和creditable用在一个句子中,以便区分:
The report that Mr.Lin has done a creditable job is credible. 报告说,林先生做了一件值得赞许的工作,这是可信的。
顺便在此指出,credulous一词与credible有关。后者是“可信的”,前者是“轻信的”(too willing to believe what you are told)。例: You're so credulous that you could be easily fooled. 你这么轻信,你很容易上当受骗。

Rank: 4

6SQ币
5721  
热心
78  
22#
发表于 2006-8-12 15:53 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【45】dancing-teacher和dancing teacher』
一般说来,(现在)分词和动名词作定语是比较容易区分的,前者表示“状态”,说明它形容的事物所作的动作;后者表示“目的”,不是说明它所形容的事物自己所作的动作,而是说明与它有关的动作。例如:
a swimming girl=a girl who is swimming(分词)
a swimming-pool=a pool for swimming(动名词)
但是,有时区分作定语用的分词和动名词却是比较困难的。区分的方法大致可分为下列四种:
(一)把需要区分的词变成定语从句或短语,如表示目的,起名词(即介词宾语)作用的,是动名词;如表示状态,说明它形容的事物所作的动作,是分词。例:
a smoking room=a room set apart for the purpose of smoking (动名词)
a smoking chimney=a chimney that is giving off smoke(分词)
working method=method of working(动名词)
working people=people who work(分词)
(二)从外表形式区分。在修饰同一个名词时,当中有连字符的是动名词,没有连字符的是分词。如:
a dancing teacher正在跳舞的教师(分词)
a dancing-teacher舞蹈教师(动名词)
a dancing girl正在跳舞的女郎(分词)
a dancing-girl舞女(动名词)
(三)有一些词只有通过上下文,根据篇章意义,才能决定它是分词还是动名词。例如:a smoking room 若根据上下文作a room that is smoking(冒烟的房间)解,是分词,若作a room for smoking(吸烟房)解,是动名词。
(四)在口语中,如重音落在它下面的是动名词,如落在它所修饰的名词上,或重音同时落在它和它所修饰的名词之上时,是分词。如:
a'sleeping-car(动名词)
a'sleeping'child(分词)
a'flying'bird(分词)
'flyingcondition(动名词)
现请试用上述方法区分下列的词语,看看哪些是分词,那些是动名词:a'singing'bird;a'humming bird;a 'writing lesson;'flying 'fish;a'fishing boat;'running'water;the'rising'sun;'smiling faces;'working'parts;'reading-room;a 'flying'doctor
『相似词语辨析【46】dare(普通动词)和dare(情态动词)』
Dare的意思是“敢于”、“冒险”,它既可用作普通动词,又可作情态动词用(modal verb/auxiliary verb)。
作普通动词用时,有各种时态形式的变化,第三人称单数现在时要加s,可以和带to或不带to的不定式连用。例如:
He dares to go to Africa alone. 他敢独自去非洲。
Does he dare to tell her? 他敢告诉她吗?
He doesn't dare(to)tell her. 他不敢告诉她。
He dared to go there. 他敢去那儿。
He didn't dare(to) take the risk. 他不敢冒这个险。
作为普通动词,dare也能表示“挑战”的意思。例如:
He dared me to my face. 他当面向我挑战。
作情态动词用时,一般只用于疑问句和否定句中,第三人称单数现在时不加s,无各种时态形式变化。例:
Dare he tell you the truth?他敢不敢对你说出事实来?
He dare not tell me that sort of thing. 他不敢把那种事告诉我。
作为情态动词,dare又有以下用法:
How dare he speak so rudely? 他怎么敢说话如此无礼?
I dare say(daresay) there are mistakes there. 我认为/在我看来这里面有错误。
dare not和 do not dare to同义,都表示“不敢”之意,前者是书面用语,后者是口头用语。在现代英语中,缩略后一般都用He doesn't dare to go的句式,而不用 He daren't go的句型。
请注意,need亦可用作普通动词和情态动词,其用法和区别与dare大体相同,请读者查阅词典,细心观察其用法。
『相似词语辨析【47】dead和deadly』
Deadly用作形容词时,很易和另一形容词 dead混淆不清。
Dead的意思是“死的”、“已死去的”(no longer living);用作副词时,其意为“完全地”、“非常地”,如:dead drunk; dead tired; dead dull; dead right。例:
He is dead. 他死了。
I found a dog howling over the dead body. 我看到有条狗对着死尸嚎叫。
The baby was born dead. 婴孩一生下来就死了。
He was dead drunk in the New Year Eve party. 他在除夕晚会上喝得烂醉如泥。
I'm dead tired! 我累极了!
用作副词时,与dead搭配的词很多,除上面两例的 drunk和 tired之外,尚有slow、straight、level、calm、asleep、against等词。
Deadly用作形容词时,其意为“致命的”;“不共戴天的”(likely to cause death or filled with intense hatred)。与之经常搭配使用的词有:poison、weapon、wound、enemy。例:
Be careful!This is a deadly poison. 小心!这是致命的毒药。
He is our deadly enemy. 他是我们的死敌。
Deadly用作副词时,也是表示“非常”、“极变”的意思,一般用于负面意义,相当于very much和extremely。例:
His face turned deadly pale. 他的脸色变得非常灰白。
The show is deadly boring. 那场表演非常沉闷。
像deadly一样,deathly亦可用作形容词,其意为“死一般的”(like death),与其搭配的词有: silence、look、stillness、hush。例:
A deathly silence prevails over all. 万籁俱寂。
Deathly亦可用作副词,如: deathly white;deathly cold.
『相似词语辨析【48】decease和disease』
这两个词的读音和拼法相似,故易混淆。
Decease/di'si: s/是“死亡”、“去世”;disease /di'zi:z/是“患病”、“疾病”。这两个字都可用作名词和动词,初学英语的人容易将两字误用或把两字的拼写混作一起。
与death相比,decease是正式用语,常见于法律条文中。下面请看例句:
Upon the decease of so-and-so,the sum of money will pass to his wife and children 某某死后,整笔钱归他妻子及儿女所有。
The decease rate in that country is very high. 那个国家的死亡率很高。
The general's decease left the army without a leader. 将军死亡使这支军队群龙无首。
deceased是形容词,意思是“死亡的”、“已故的”,因此,deceased father是“先父”,deceased wife是“亡妻”。
如在deceased之前加个定冠词,其意为“死者”、“亡人”。例如:
The deceased was killed in a road accident. 死者是在一次公路事故中身亡的。
The deceased left a large sum of money to his children. 死者给儿女们留下了一大笔钱。
下面是disease 的例句:
The task of a doctor is to prevent or cure diseases. 医生的职责是预防或冶疗疾病。
Nowadays more and more people treat diseases by acupuncture. 如今愈来愈多人用针灸治疗疾病。
Your right lung is diseased. 你的右肺有病。
在上面第一和第二个例句中,disease用作名词;在第三句中用作形容词。acute disease是“急性病”;chronic disease是“慢性病”; family disease是“遗传病”。
『相似词语辨析【49】decided和decisive』
乍然看来,这两个词都是表示“决定的”意思,似乎无甚区别可言,其实不然。
Decided是个被动(passive)意义的词,它可用于人,也可用于事物;decisive是个主动(active)意味的词,不能用于人,只能用于事物。
在词义上,这两个词也有差异。decided表示“决定了的”、“坚定不渝”之意;decisive则表示“有决定性的”、“坚决果断的”涵义。例:
He was quite decided in the matter and no one could stop him. 在这件事上,他异常坚决,谁也拦不住他。
They are quite decided about it. 他们对此事的态度十分坚决。
Please give us a decided answer.请给我们一个确实的答复。
在上面第一和第二个例句中,decided用于人;在第三个例句中,decided用于事物。
下面是decisive的例句:
The battle of Stalin grad is a decisive one in the Second World War. 斯大林格勒战役是第二次世界大战中富有决定性的战役。
General Patton was known for his decisive manner. 巴顿将军以果敢著称。
He has a decisive character. 他具有果断的性格。
Public opinion is decisive on this question. 公众的意见对这个问题起了决定性的作用。
Decided的名词是 decidedness;decisive的名词是decisiveness;它们的副词都是在词尾加-ly。
Decided在某些场合下还可以表示“明确的”、“显著的”涵义。例如:
There is a decided difference between them.(它们之间有着明显的差别)。

Rank: 4

6SQ币
5721  
热心
78  
23#
发表于 2006-8-12 15:53 | 只看该作者
『相似词语辨析【50】despite和in spite of』
Despite用作介词时,与 in spite of同义,都表示“尽管”、“虽然”、“不顾”之意,但程度有所不同。
一般说来,in spite of的语气较强,使用范围也较广; despite的语气较弱,多用于诗歌或正式的文体中。Despite可以写作despite of,也可以写作 in despite of;in spite of则可以写作 spite of,但这些写法已少用了。例:
Despite his advanced years,he is learning to drive. 虽然年事已高,他现在在学驾驶汽车。
Despite the drought,we expect a good crop. 尽管天旱,丰收依然在望。
In spite of the police brandishing their clubs and pistols,people showed not the slightest fear. 尽管警方挥动着短棍及手枪,但人们毫不畏惧。
We arrived at the station in spite of the storm. 虽然有暴风雨,我们依旧准点到达火车站。
应当在此指出的是,在现代英语里,despite和in spite of的差距已日渐缩小,很多人已将它们互换使用。
Despite除作介词外,尚可用作名词,表示“蔑视”、“憎恨”、“无意对待”之意。例:
The old woman died of despite. 那位老大娘饮恨而死。
He tripped me out of despite,not by accident. 他绊倒我是出于恶意,不是出于意外。
在上列两句中,despite用作名词,它亦可改写为spite。
『相似词语辨析【51】diary,dairy和daily』
这三个词的外貌颇相像,但读音和词义各不相同。
Diary/'dairi/是“日记”(a daily record of events in one's life)或“日记本”。例:
Keeping a diary will do us a lot of good. 记日记对我们大有裨益。
I got out my diary and made a note in it. 我掏出日记本,在上面作了摘录。
Dairy/'de+ri/是“牛奶店”或“乳品场”( a place where milk,butter or cheese is produced or sold)。例:
The dairy farm keeps many dairy cows. 乳牛场饲养了很多乳牛。
Dairy products are among the chief exports of Australia. 乳制品是澳洲主要出口之一。
Daily/'deili/是“日报”(newspaper sold every day);它亦可用作形容词和副词,表示“每日”(every day)之意。如:
We have subscribed to the China Daily.(n.) 我们已订阅《中国日报》。
We made daily visits to him when he was hospitalized.(adj.) 他在住院期间,我们每天都去探望他。
They phoned the hospital daily to find how he was.(adv.) 他们每天打电话给医院询问他的病况。
『相似词语辨析【52】disability和inability』
这一对词都表示“无能”之意,但涵义有细微的差异。
Disability着重表示“因受伤而变残废所引起的无能”(lacking ability caused by injury)或“因天生的缺陷而导致的无能”(inherent defect);用于法律方面,它表示“不够资格”、“不合格”(legal disqualification)之意。例:
He has a disability pension because he lost his legs while he was in the army. 他领取伤残抚恤金,因为他在军队服役时失去了双腿。
He was always cheerful in spite of his disability. 他虽然有残疾(残废),但心情一直很愉快。
Inability 着重表示“缺少能力”或“缺乏手段”(lack of power or means)的意味。如:
His inability to undertake the work is due to his physical disabilities. 他没有能力承担该工作,是由于他的残疾。
Can you account for your inability to pay the debt? 您能否解释无法偿债的原因吗?
『相似词语辨析【53】disarmed和unarmed』
这两个词都是动词 to arm的派生词,由过去分词armed加否定前缀 dis-,un-而成,可是它们的涵义并不相同。
Disarmed的意思是“被解除武装的”(be taken away all one's weapons),例如: disarmed rebels、disarmed captives、disarmed regiments、disarmed bandits。例:
The police are cross-questioning the disarmed bandits. 警方正在讯问那些被缴械的匪徒。
The disamed rebels are given a reprieve. 被缴械的叛乱份子获缓刑。
有时,disarmed亦可用作譬喻意义,如:disarmed by a smile(one's charming manner or smart dress)。例:
He was disamed by her smile. 她的笑容使他失去警觉。
请注意,在此例中,disarmed用作谓语动词,不是定语。
Unarmed的意思是“不带武器的”、“没有武装的”。例:
They are unarmed plain-clothes men. 他们是不带武器的便衣警察。
All the ships are unarmed. 所有的船都是没有武装的。
有时,unarmed亦可转义,表示“无防备的”意味。例如:
The soldiers were shooting the unarmed crowd. 士兵们在向毫无防备(手无寸铁)的人群开枪。
『相似词语辨析【54】discover和invent』
这两个词都是动词,都指人们首先见到的新鲜事物而言,但涵义有异。
Discover指初次看见本来已存在但以前未被发现的事物(to find out something existing but not yet known),故作“发现”解。如:
Columbus discovered America but he did not explore the new continent. 哥伦布发现了美洲,可是他没有去探索这个新大陆。
Modern astronomers have discovered a million such galaxies. 现代的天文学家已发现了一百万类似的星群。
The circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey. 血液循环是哈维发现的。
Invent是指创造前所未有的事物(to create or design some thing not existing before),故作“发明”解。例:
Edison invented the electric light bulb. 爱迪生发明了电灯泡。
A new-type stethoscope has yet to be invented. 新型的听诊器有待发明。
有时候,invent还可作“捏造”解。例:
Don't you know a lie is always invented? 谎言总是捏造出来的,难道你不知道吗?
We must invent an excuse for being late. 我们必须编造一个迟到的理由。
Discover的名词是 discovery;invent的名词是invention。“发现者”是 discoverer;“发明家”是inventor。
下面是discovery和invention的例句,从中可以看出,它们之间的涵义区别和动词相同:
Columbus's discovery was at first misunderstood.
The invention of calculating machines led to the invention of computers.
『相似词语辨析【55】discreet和discrete』
这一组词的读音相同,拼法相近,又都是形容词故很易混淆。
Discreet的意思是“(言行)谨慎的”、“慎重的”“有判断力的”(not saying too much;showing good sense and judgment),它的名词是 discretion。例:
The action he takes is far from discreet. 他所采取的行动很不谨慎。
You must show more discretion in choosing your friends. 你在选择朋友时要谨慎些。
反义词是鲁莽:indiscreet(形容词)及 indiscretion (名词)。
Discrete的意思是“分离的”、“不联络的”、“各异的”(separate,disjoined or individually distinct)。它的名词是 discreteness。例:
This proposition contains two discrete parts. 这个建议由两个不同的部分组成。
Our company is made up of many samll,discrete units. 我们的公司由许多小的各自分立的单位组成。
『相似词语辨析【56】distinct和distinctive』
这一对词都是形容词,拼法也相近,但涵义不同。
Distinct的意思是“分明的”、“明了的”、“清楚的”(well-marked,clearly defined or easily discernible)。例:
The photo you took in Hong Kong Cultural Centre is not distinct enough. 你在香港文化中心拍的那张照片不够清晰。
She has a distinct pronunciation. 她的发音清楚。
There is a distinct smell of smoke in my room. 我的房间里有一股明显的香烟味。
有时候,distinct还可用以表示“不同的”、“有区别的”意味。如:
This picture is distinct from that. 这幅图和那幅不同。
The twins have distinct personalities. 这对双胞胎的个性并不相同。
Distinctive的意思是“表示差别的”、“有特色的”、“特殊的”(marking or showing a difference)。例如:
Can you find the distinctive watermarks of this stamp? 你能找到这枚邮票上有明显的水纹吗?
Pupils in Hong Kong usually have distinctive badges on their school uniforms. 在香港,小学生的校服上常戴有颇具特色的徽章。
现将distinct和distinctive用在一个句子里,以便区分:
One of the distinctive features of this book is its distinct illustrations. 本书的特点之一就是具清楚明了的图解。
『相似词语辨析【57】due to和owing to』
这一对词组都表示“因为”、“由于”之意,但用法和使用场合有所不同。 在标准英语里,due to只能用以引导形容词短语,不可引导副词短语。例如:
Our delay was due to heavy traffic.
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
在第一例中,due to引导的短语在句中作表语,用在 verb“to be”之后;在第二例中,due to引导的短语作定语,修饰前面的主语mistakes。主张语言纯正者(purists)认为,due to不能引导副词短语,因此,下列句中的 due to应改为 owing to或 because of:
Due to ill health,he could not attend the meeting 由于健康不佳,他不能参加会议。
事实上,在现代英语中,due to也经常用以引导副词短语,下面数句均摘自英美刊物:
Due to the weather,the flight was cancelled.
He failed due to carelessness.
The population of Pennsylvania increased from 50,000 in 1730 to more than 200,000 in 1763,due in large part to the thousands of Scotch-Irish.
…in America,where women began to predominate from pioneer times,due to their scarcity and greater demands.
Owing to如同 because of或 on account of一样,是个介词,只能引导副词短语。例:
Owing to the rain,they could not come. 由于下雨,他们不能来了。
Owing to a traffic hold-up,I missed my flight. 由于交通堵塞,我赶不上航班。
The project fell through because of poor planning. 工程告吹是因为缺乏周详策划。
The university faced a cost overrun on account of miscalculation. 大学经费超支是因为预计错误。
上面提过,在今日英语中,以上的 owing to/because of/on account of都可以用due to代替。

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『相似词语辨析【58】during和for』
介词for引导时间状语时,很易和during混淆不清。它们的区别如下:
(一)during用在已知的时期、节日或表示时间观念的名词之前,其后通常接the、this、that、these、those、my、your、his……等词。例:
during the last four days(the spring of 1995)
during the winter(war,economic crisis of 1929)
during that time(the course of the play)
during my holidays(summer vacation)
during her absence(interview)
during our stay in Japan(their visit here)
而for则用以表示“有限的”或“无限的”时间概念,通常其后接冠词、数词,复数名词或副词ever。例如:
for the first time(a time,a while)
for a couple of weeks(days)
for two months(weeks)
for many years(generations)
for years(months)
for ever(ages)
(二)during的涵义是“当……之际”,它既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生。如:
He was sick for a week and during that week he was placed in an infirmary. 他病了一个星期,在这个星期里,他住在护养院。
It snowed all day but stopped snowing during that night. 下了一整天雪,到晚上才停了。
而for的涵义是指某个动作在某个时期里处于连续不断的状态。如:
They worked for the whole day. 他们干了一整天。
在某些场合下,for含有“预先安排”或“为了某一目的”之涵义。表示此意味时,大都和come、go、stay、lend、rent、hire等词连用。例:
I went to Europe for the holidays. 我到欧洲度假去了。
They will stay with us for the New Year. 他们将和我们在一起,共度新年。
We're off for our honeymoon. 我们要去度蜜月。
May I borrow your camera for Christmas? 我可否借你的照相机在圣诞节时使用?
『相似词语辨析【59】each和every』
这两个词都有“每个”的意思,词义相近,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。
(一)each既可作形容词,又可作代词;every只能作形容词。例:
Each participant may try twice.(adj.) 每个参与者可尝试两次。
Each of them has done his work.(pron.) 他们各自干了自己的工作。
Every member has a share in the profits made by the company.(adj.) 每个会员可分享公司的盈利。
(二)each表示“各自”的意味,指一个整体中的个别人或事物;every表示“每个”之意,含有“全体”、“全部”之意味,因此,我们可以说:
Every boy was there and each did his part. 每个男孩都出席并各尽其力。
从此例可见,every是从“整体”来看;而each是从“个别”来看。
(三)each用于两个或两个以上的人或事物;every 用于三个或三个以上的人或事物。例:
The pavement on each side is crowded with pedestrians. 每边的行人道上挤满路人。
I enjoy every minute of the party. 联欢会的每一分钟我都玩得很痛快。
(四)在each和every通用的场合里,every的语气比each重,例如在下句中,用every比较适合,因为它的语势较强:
Every form of society,every way of thinking has its particular contradiction and particular quality.
每一种社会形态和每一种思想形式,都有它的特殊的矛盾和特殊的性质。
(五)有时候,人们为了加重语气,故意把each和every用在一起。例如:
The professor wants each and every student to be present before eight o'clock.
值得注意的是,each不可以和否定式的动词连用,例如,我们不可以说:Each did not succeed.而应说:
Each failed.
表示 each的否定涵义用语是:neither,no one或 not every one。如:
Neither(or Not every one)of them was in good health.
『相似词语辨析【60】eatable和edible』
这一对词都可以用作形容词和名词,都有“可吃的”词义,但涵义有细微的差异。
Eatable源出于古英语etan;edible源出于拉丁语edibilis。前者着重表示“可吃的”、“能吃的”意味,但“可吃”、“能吃”并不等于“食物可口和好吃”,例如食品不够新鲜或烧得太生太熟时,也是 something eatable。后者则着重表示“本来不是食物,但吃下去也无害”之意。
通过下面的例句,我们可以辨别它们的不同涵义:
These bananas are over-ripe but they are eatable. 这些香蕉长得太熟,可是还是可以吃的。
This food is scarcely eatable. 这种食物难以咽下。
It is said seaweeds are edible. 据说,海藻是可以吃的。
Toadstools are not edible. 毒菌是不能吃的。
Eatable用作名词时,常用复数形式,在词尾加-s。edible也是如此,如:They are not edibles。
『相似词语辨析【61】eligible和illegible』
这一对形容词的拼法和读音有点相近,但涵义和使用场合却大不相同。
Eligible/'eliDN+bl/的意思“合格的”、“合适的”、“可采用的”(qualified,suitable or fit to be chosen)。它的副词是'eligibly,名词是?eligi'bility。例:
Mr.Lin is eligible for the election. 林先生在此次选举中有被选资格。
Ms.Wang is an eligible candidate for this vacant position. 汪小姐是有补此空缺资格的候选人。
They are seeking for an eligible young man for the governor's daughter. 他们正在为总督的女儿物色一位合适的青年。
Illegible/i'leDNibl/的意思是“难读的”、“难辨认的”(difficult or impossible to read or distinguish)。它的副词是il'legibly,名词是il'legibility。例:
I really cannot make out his illegible handwriting. 我确实是辨认不出他潦草的字体。
Do you know this Chinese character?It's so illegible that no one can recognize it! 你认识这个中国字吗?它写得太草,无人会认得!
现将eligible和illegible用在一个句子里,以便区分:
A person might be eligible for a certain appointment despite his illegible handwriting. 一个人的字体尽管写得潦草,可是他可能适合担任某一种工作。
请注意,unreadable的意义和illegible相近,但涵义并不相同。unreadable是“索然无味,不值一读”(not interesting enough to read),而illegible是“字体潦草,难以辨认”(not plain enough to be deciphered)。下面举一例以说明unreadable的使用场合:
It seems to me today's editorial is unreadable. 我觉得,今日的社论不值一读。

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『相似词语辨析【62】emerge和immerge』
这一组词的读音完全相同。念/i'm+: N/,又都是动词,但意义恰好相反。
Emerge的意思是“露出”、“出现(to come out or come into view),一般用以指从某物之后(下)露出;它亦可用作比喻意,指困难、问题、事实等显现出来。emerge的名词是emergence。例:
After a spell of wet days,the sun emerges from behind the clouds today. 一连下了几天雨,今天太阳从云后出现了。
The diver emerged from the water at last. 潜水员终于浮出了水面。
In the history of the Chinese nation,many national heroes have emerged. 在中华民族的历史中,出现了很多的民族英雄。
During the past two years,a lot of social problems have emerged. 在过去两年中,出现了一大堆社会问题。
A significant feature of Hong Kong's football teams is the constant emergence of promising newcomers. 香港足球队的重要特色是有前途有望的新手经常出现。
Immerge很多时写作immerse,其意为“浸入”、“沉入”(to plunge into or dip into),它的名词是 immersion。例:
The diver immerged in the icy sea for several minutes. 潜水员潜入冰冷的海里数分钟。
He has immerged the dress in the boiling dye for two hours. 他已把衣服浸入滚烫的染料中两个小时了。
注:在现代英语中,immerse 比 immerge用得普遍,因为后者是前者的古体。
『相似词语辨析【63】empty,vacant,hollow』
这一组词都表示“空的”意思,但涵义有所不同
Empty的意思是“里面没有东西”、“一无所有”,具有“空无一物”的隐含意义,它可以用来描绘box、vessel、cupboard、bag、purse、room、house、street、stomach、head 等词。例:
This trunk is empty of its contents. 这只箱子空空如也。
We found the room empty. 我们发现房间里空无一物。
At midnight even the busiest street is empty. 午夜时分,甚至最繁忙的大道上也不见人影。
Vacant的意思是“闲者的”、“无人占据的”,着重指临时性的情况,如:vacant seat、vacant apartment、vacant position等。例:
We have no vacant position here. 我们这里没有空职。
A vacant seat was found in this compartment. 在这个车厢里找到了一个空的座位。
请注意,当empty和vacant用以修饰同一个名词时,它们的意义有所不同。例如an empty house是既没有家具也没有人居住的空房子;a vacant house是指可能有家具放着,但暂时无人居住的房子。同理,an empty chair是既没有人坐也没有人东西放着的椅子;a vacant chair是指暂时空着无人坐的椅子。
Hollow的意思是“空心的”、“中空的”、“空洞的”、“下陷的”,它常与tree、ball、cheeks、voice、sound、words、promise等词连用,由此可见,它既可用以指实物的“中空”,亦可指 words、promise、compliments的“虚假”,用于后者场合是比喻意义。例:
This is a hollow tree. 这是一棵中空的树。
I don't like to hear his hollow words. 我不喜欢听他那些空洞的话。
The tears rolled down her hollow cheeks. 泪水从她下陷的双颊流了下来。
His argument sounds hollow. 他的论点空洞。
『相似词语辨析【64】English,the English』
这一对词的涵义并不相同。
作名词时,English的意义是“英语”,相当于the English language。例:
Engish is chosen as one of the official languages to be used during meetings at the UN. 英语被选为联合国大会会议期间的官方语言之一。
English is also the official language in India. 英语也是印度的官方语言。
English有时可作“英国人”解。例:
My father is Scottish,but my mother is English,they are both British. 我的父亲是苏格兰人,而母亲是英国人,他们两个都是英联邦人。
The English have a wonderful sense of humor. 英国人有惊人的幽默感。
在现代英语里,不少人喜欢用Englishman代替(the)English。
作形容词时,English的意思是“英国的”或“英国人的”,相当于 British。如:English history(英国史);English literature(英国文学);English traditions(英国人的传统);English breakfast(英国人或英国式的早餐)。
下面举两个例子,以说明 English和 the English的区别:
Hard Times is an English novel,written by Charles Dickens. 《艰难时世》是狄更斯写的一部英国小说。
The English belong to the white race. 英国人属于白种人。
由上例可见,the English是“英国人民”、“英国民族”,相当于 the English people。
下面四点值得我们注意:
(一)Englishman一般不能分写为 English man,但是我们可以说 every English man,那是指每个英国男人。
(二)The King's English(或 the Queen's English)是指“标准英语”而言。
(三)English English是“英国英语”或“英式英语”,即 British English,以区别于 American English(美国英语或美式英语)。
(四)English Channel是“英伦海峡”或“英吉利海峡”,不译“英国海峡”,因为该海峡位于英国和法国之间。
『相似词语辨析【65】enmity,amity』
这两个词都是名词,拼法和读音相像,但词义却恰好相反。
Enmity/'enm+ti/是“憎恨”、“敌意”、“敌对”(hatred or a state of hostility)。例:
The bloody crimes committed by the Japanese invaders during the Second World War incurred out enmity. 日本侵略者在二次世界大战期间犯下的血腥罪行使我们感到愤恨。
I don't understand why they always harbour enmity against their neighbouring country. 我不明白为什么他们总是对他们的邻国怀有敌意。
Amity/'$m+ti/的意思是“友谊”、“亲善”(friendship or friendly relations)。例:
Despite the peace talks,there is no amity at all between the warring countries. 尽管举行了和谈,交战两国之间毫无友谊可言。
The amity between these two friends is indestructible. 这两个朋友之间的友谊是牢不可破的。
『相似词语辨析【66】entrance的两种不同意思』
Entrance这个词有两个读法,念/'entr+ms/时,作“入口处”解,也可指进入的动作,主要是个名词;念/in'tra: ns/时,作“使着迷”、“使狂喜”解,主要是个动词,二者截然不同。
下面请看entrance/'entr+ns/例句:
We queue up at the entrance for the exhibition. 我们在入口处排队参观展览。
After queuing up for three hours,we at last gained entrance to the exhibition. 排队排了三小时,我们终于能够进入展览会。
Entrance/'entr+ns/也可以作定语形容词,指“入场权”、“进入权”,如:
Competition for education is so keen that even small children have to sit for kindergarten entrance examinations. 争取教育机会十分激烈,以致小孩子也要参加幼稚园入学试才能入学。
Only a nominal entrance fee is required to be a club member. 只需缴交象征式的入会费就可以成为会员。
现请看entrance/in'tra:ns/的用法:
The singer entranced the audience with his enchanting voice. 那歌星的迷人歌声使听众神魂颠倒。
The spectators are entranced by the magic performance. 观众看魔术表演看得着了迷。
『相似词语辨析【67】exceptionable,exceptional』
这一对词都是形容词,拼法有点相近,但涵义大不相同。
Exceptionable的意思是“可非难的”、“可指摘的”、“可反对的”,它的同义词是 undesirable 和 objectionable,一般用以指行为。例:
Frankly speaking,there is nothing exceptionable in his conduct. 坦率地说,他的行为并没有什么不好的地方。
This book is small but not otherwise exceptionable. 这本书除了小一些之外,别无可以非难之处。
Exceptional的意思是“非凡的”、“不寻常的”,它的同义词是 uncommon,out of the ordinary,一般用以指好的事物。例:
We gained exceptional advantage from our visit to Australia last week. 上星期我们到澳洲参观收获极大。
Mr.Zhang is an exceptional man. 张先生不是一个寻常的人。
His achievements are exceptional. 他的成就超凡。
注:exceptionable 的反义词是 unexceptionable、exceptional 的反义词是 unexceptional。
类似的词有 practical 和 practicable,请参阅该节。
『相似词语辨析【68】exhausting,exhaustive』
这一组词并不是同义词。
Exhausting是现在分词,作形容词使用,义:“使竭尽的”、“使疲惫的”(to make empty or tire out)。与之经常搭配使用的词有day、job、task、experiment等。exhausted是过去分词,意为“空竭的”、“疲惫的”(fatigued or tired),用作表语形容词,放在连系动词之后。例:
This is a piece of exhausting work. 这是一件吃力的工作。
A journey through the mountains is exhausting. 攀山越岭的旅程是十分吃力的。
After taking part in the cleaning campaign,the children were much exhausted. 参加了清洁运动后,孩子们都感到十分疲倦。
Exhaustive是形容词,意为“完全的”、“彻底的”(thorough or complete),与之经常搭配的词有 work、inquiries、research、investigation、treatment 等。例:
This is a piece of exhaustive work. 这是一部完美的作品。
The police are making an exhaustive investigation of the crime. 警察正在彻底调查该罪案。
Can you produce an exhaustive list of the library books? 你能否提供一份图书馆的全部藏书名单?
现将 exhausting 和 exhaustive 用在一个句子里,以便区别:
His research in this social phenomenon is both exhaustive and exhausting. 他对这个社会现象的研究是彻底的而工作是吃力的。
To compile an exhaustive dictionary is an exhausting task. 编写一本详尽的字典是一件吃力的工作。
『相似词语辨析【69】far,by far』
作程度副词时,far和by far近义;far表示“很”、“极”、“大大地”(much)或“太/过于”(too much)的意思,by far是“最为…/更为…”的意思。二者使用时有下列两点需要注意:
(一)far经常用在形容词比较级之前,而by far一般多用在最高级之前,例:
It is far colder today than yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天冷得多。
Among these five gadgets,this one is by far the most useful. 在这五个新玩意儿中,这个最为有用。
This is by far the better method. 这方法比另一个更完善得多。
(二)使用by far时,随后的形容词最高级及比较级都附有定冠词the,而far之后的比较级形容词则没有the。例:
She is by far the best of the students in class. 她是班里最好的学生。
She is far better than the other students. 她比其他学生更优秀。
The other boy,who was two years older and by far bigger than he,had by far the worst of the assault.
—Thackeray
此外,far可以与too及原级形容词连用,义为“太/过于”,而by far则不可。例:
It is far too dangerous to go out in a storm. 暴风中外出是太过危险。
He is far too busy to deal with trifles. 他太忙碌,无暇处理琐碎事情。
在下列短语中,请注意far的词序和搭配:
far better;better by far;by far the better;by far the best;far and away the best(此语语气最强,一般作口头语用)

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『相似词语辨析【70】female,feminine』
这两个词是同义词,都有“女性的”意思,但涵义和使用场合有所不同。
作形容词时,female表示“女的”、“女性的”、“雌的”之意,着重指性别而言,经常与之搭配的词有:sex,child,friend,companion,heir,ruler,servant,ward,voice,figure,suffrage,education,animal,plant等,其对语是male。例:
Yesterday we received a lot of guests,male and female,in Victoria Peak Garden. 昨日我们在山顶公园接待了很多来宾,有男的也有女的。
His younger sister,it is said,a female operative. 据说,他的妹妹是个女工。
A doe is female deer. 牝鹿就是雌鹿。
Feminine着重指“有女性气质的”之意,经常与之搭配的词有nature,sympathy,weakness,virtue,frivolity,curiosity,voice,pursuits,hobbies,clothes等其对语是masculine.例:
She has got all the feminine virtues. 她具有全部女性的长处。
This gentleman has got a feminine voice. 这位男士说话的声音像女子。
注:female education和feminine education的涵义并不相同,前者是“女子教育”,后者是“适合于妇女的教育”。female voice和feminine voice的内涵亦不相同,前者是“女声”,说话的人肯定是女子,后者是“女性般的声音”,说话人有可能是男子。
female和feminine也可以用作名词,作名词时,前者义“女性”或“妇女”,如:A female has just called.(一个女人刚来访过)。但因有贬低的意味,一般不用a female来指女人而用a lady(一位女士)。feminine则作“阴性”解,例如在英语语法书里,the feminine的意思是“阴性”,它等于the feminine gender.
『相似词语辨析【71】first,firstly』
这两个词的意义很近似,又都有“首先”、“第一”之意,但使用场合不尽一致。
First的使用范围较大,可以作名词、形容词和副词,有时还可以代替firstly使用;firstly的运用范围较小,只能作副词,用于列举事实或理由的场合。
汉语里的“首先”、“第一”,在英语中是firstly、first of all、in the first place或干脆说first;但汉语中的“最后一点”,英语里却不说last,而是说lastly或last of all,这是应当记住的。
下面是first和firstly通用的例句:
First(or Firstly),we dice the pork and marinate it and,second (or secondly),we prepare the dough for the pie.
首先,把猪肉切成肉丁并加醃料;其次是预备做馅饼的麦粉。
但在下列场合里,first却不可以和firstly替换使用:
We first(不能用firstly)go to Shenzhen,and then to Beijing. 我们先到深圳,然后上北京。
He who would eat the nut must first(不能用firstly)crack the shell. 要吃核果,必须先破壳。
下面是first作名词和形容词的例句:
The first of May is International Labour Day. 五月一日是国际劳动节。
The first question is whether the Government is willing to improve elementary education. 第一个问题是:政府是否愿意改造小学教育。
通过上列的一些例句,我们可以看到,firstly只能用作副词,并只能用于列举事物和理由的场合。在现代英语中,firstly不如first用得普遍,许多人在列举事物时都是说:First,…;secondly,…;thirdly,…。
『相似词语辨析【72】fifty dollars in notes』
fifty dollars in notes,a fifty-dollar note
Fifty dollars in notes的意思是“钞票数张,共计五十元”。dollars是可数名词,故在词尾加-s。a fifty-dollar note 是“一张五十元的钞票”,这里的dollar作定语用,故其后不加-s。
通过下列句子的比较,可以进一步看出它们的差别:
I gave him a twenty-dollar note. 我给他一张二十元的钞票。
I gave him twenty dollars in notes. 我给他钞票若干张,共计二十元。
There are ten fifty-dollar notes on the desk. 桌上有十张五十元的钞票。
There are five hundred dollars in notes on the desk. 桌上有共值五百元的钞票若干张。
请注意,“He has changed his note.”的意思是“他已改变语调”,不是“他已换了钞票”,如要表达此意,应该说:
He has changed the banknotes.
在“change one's note”中,note作“态度”或“口气”解;在“change one's banknotes”中,note作“钞票”解。在下面一语中,我们也要注意note的涵义:to compare notes是“交换意见”,不是“对比钞票”或“核对笔记”。
『相似词语辨析【73】go to bed,go to sleep』
这一对并非同义短语。
Go to bed的意思是“上床”、“就寝”,bed之前不能加定冠词the,也不能加this、that、your、my等词,因为它是固定词组。在下列的固定词组中,我们也不能加上列的词,否则意义将要改变:get to bed,put to bed,take to bed,lie in bed,out of bed等。例:
When did you go to bed last night? 昨晚你几点钟上床?
I usually go to bed at eleven. 我通常十一点就寝。
Go to sleep的意思是“入睡”、“睡着”。因此,go to bed并不等于go to sleep。如所周知,一个失眠的人往往在go to bed之后过了很久也不能 go to sleep。例:
Last night I was too excited to go to sleep. 昨晚我激动得不能入睡。
I went to sleep at two this morning! 今晨两点我才睡着。
现将 go to bed和go to sleep用在一个句中,以便区别:
She usually goes to bed at nine and goes to sleep a few minutes afterwards. 她通常九点上床,几分钟后就入睡。
『相似词语辨析【74】hand in hand,hand to hand』
hand in hand,hand to hand 这一对并不是同义短语。
Hand in hand的意思是“携手”、“手拉着手”、“与…联系”、“共同地”。例:
Let's work hand in hand. 让我们携手合作吧。
Theory should go hand in hand with practice. 理论应与实际结合。
You must to hand in hand with us. 你们必须和我们步调一致。
Hand to hand的意思是“短兵相接”。例:
On boarding enemy's vessel,the marines fought hand to hand. 登上敌船后,水兵们短兵相接。
From hand to hand的意思是“传递”:
The workers passed bricks from hand to hand in the construction site. 工人们在建筑工地上用手传递砖块。
注:hand的短语甚多,常见的有:from hand to mouth(做一天吃一天);hand over fist(快速而大量地);on all hands(四面八方)。
『相似词语辨析【75】hardly,scarcely』
这一对副词都同样“几乎不”、“几乎没有”的否定意味,但涵义重心有细微的差异。
Hardly强调“困难”,指程度而言,常用以修饰表示能力的词,与can、ever、any等词连用。
He hardly knew what to say. 他简直不知道说什么才好。
I can hardly believe that some socialites and dignitaries are involved in syndicated crime. 我简直不能相信,一些社会名流,达官政要竟然涉及集团罪行。
scarcely强调“不足”,主要指数量而言,常与enough、sufficient、any或数词连用。例:
When he played the piano he was scarcely four years old. 他懂得弹钢琴还不满四岁。
The tram was so crowded that there was scarcely sufficient room for you. 电车上十分拥挤,几乎没有你立足之地。
At midnight,scarcely any taxi could be found in the streets. 午夜时分,街上几乎看不到一辆的士。
请注意,在表示“一…就…”的涵义时,hardly…when…和scarcely…before…,可互换使用。当hardly或scarcely放在句首时,主句中的主语和辅助动词的次序要颠倒。例如:
Hardly(or Scarcely)had I entered the station when(or before)the last train left. 我刚进入火车站不久,火车就开走了。
『相似词语辨析【76】have,there is』
若将I have a pen in my pocket和There is a pen in my pocket译成汉语,我们便会发现句中的have和there都作“有”解,似乎无甚区别可言,其实并不然。它们的不同之处是:
Have是实义词;表示是谁所拥有的“有”,一般说来,句中的主语总在have之前(疑问句和强调语气的倒装句例外)。There is则是虚词,在句中只起形式的作用,表示“存在”(exist)之意,句中的主语一般总在There is之后。
汉语的“有”既可以表示拥有(如:“我有五部词典”的“有”),又可以表示事物的存在(如:“桌上有五部词典”的“有”)。在英语中,若要表示这两个“有”,就必须用两种不同的方式,即分别译成:I have five dictionaries和There are five dictionaries on the desk。
由此可见,have和there is译成汉语后,意义虽然相同,但在英语里却各有不同的使用场合。初学英语的人由于没有掌握好这两种不同的表达手段,会把have 和there is混淆一起,造成下列的错误:
My pocket has one hundred dollars.(错)
There are one hundred dollars in my pocket.(对)
The Island Eastern Corridor has a lot of cars.(错)
There are a lot of cars in the Island Eastern Corridor.(对)
请注意,there is和there are都表示“有”的涵义,前者用于单数场合,后者用于复数场合,但在英美人的口语中,there is也经常用于复数名词之前。如:
Hurry up!There are only five minutes left. 快点!只剩下五分钟时间啦。
There is a bed,two desks and five chairs in the room. 房间里有一张床、两张桌子和五把椅子。
还需注意,动词have在英国和美国的用法有所不同。例如,“你有孩子吗?”在美国英语中是Do you have children?在英国英语中却是:Have you any children?或Have you got any children?
『相似词语辨析【77】have and eye on/to/for』
have and eye on,
have an eye to,
have an eye for
这三个短语的涵义各不相同,不能互换使用。
Have an eye on是“照顾”、“留意”、“监视”,它与keep an eye on同义,可互换使用。例:
Please have(keep)and eye on my child while I am away. 我不在的时候,请看管一下我的孩子。
You must have(keep)an eye on that loan shark. 你必须监视那个大耳窿的活动。
have an eye to是“有欲得…的愿望”。例:
All these countries have an eye to this island as it is rich in oil. 所有这些国家都想夺取这个岛屿,因为它盛产石油。
Since he joined the company,he has had an eye to its financial interests and assets. 自从加入了该公司,他就觊觎公司的财务权益及资产。
Have an eye for的意思是“对…有眼力”、“有识别…的能力”。例:
This old man has an eye for curios. 这个老大爷有辨别古董的眼力。
All the police dogs trained have an eye for drugs. 所有受过训练的警犬都有识别毒品的能力。
『相似词语辨析【78】have been in/on和have gone to』
have been in,
have been to,
have gone to
这三个短语都有“到某地去”的意思,但涵义和用法各不相同。
Have been in强调“过去曾去过”之意,表示经验;have been to的意思是“过去到过而现在已返回”,它强调“最近的经历”;have gone to表示“动作的完成”,强调人已离开说话的地方。
通过下列句子的对比,可以分清它们各自不同的涵义:
They have been in Chicago.(1)
They have been to Chicago.(2)
They have gone to Chicago.(3)
(1)句的意思是“他们曾去过芝加哥”,此语强调过去的经历,但没有说明现在是否已回来。言外之意,他们到过芝加哥,他们知道芝加哥在何处,该城市有多大,人口有多少等等。
(2)句的意思是“他们曾到过芝加哥,现在已回来了”。此语强调的是往返的经历。
(3)句的意思是“他们已到芝加哥去了”,此语的言外之意是“也许他们已经到达,也许现在还在途中”,它强调“去”的动作已经完成,所以人已不在说话的地点。

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『相似词语辨析【79】He has a son,who is an engineer.』
He has a son,who is an engineer.
He has a son who is an engineer.
这两个句子的词素完全相同,又都是主从复合句,但涵义并不一样。
第一句的son之后有逗号,其后为非限制性定语从句。全句的意思是:“他只有一个儿子,职业是工程师”,说话的重点是“只有一个儿子”,“儿子的职业是工程师”只是附带的说明而已。
第二句的son之后没有逗号,其后是限制性定语从句。全句的意思是:“他有一个当工程师的儿子”,可能这个儿子是独子,也可能不是独生子,说话的重点放在儿子的职业上。
通过上列句子的比较,我们可以举一反三地去辨别下面两组句子的差异:
Lee's sister,who lives in Macau,is a nurse.
Lee's sister,who lives in Macau is a nurse.
My nephew,who is a teacher,has gone to England.
My nephew,who is a teacher,has gone to England.
『相似词语辨析【80】He has been ill for ten days.』
He has been ill for ten days.
He was ill for ten days.
这两个句子用的时态不同,所以涵义也就不同。
现在完成时表示某事发生或开始于过去某一时间,但其结果或影响到说话时依然存在。
第二句用的是一般过去时,它表示过去发生的某一件事,不管此事和现在是否还有联系。
因此,He has been ill for ten days的涵义是“他已病了十天,但现在病尚未好”;He was ill for ten days的涵义是“他(曾)病了十天(一般来说指现在病已痊愈,但也可能病尚未完全好)”。
与之类似区别的语句很多。例如:
He has lived in Hong Kong for ten years. 他在香港已住了十年(现在还住在香潜)。
He lived in Hong King for ten years. 他曾在香港住过十年(现已不住在那里了)。
I saw her once only. 我(在某时某地)只见过她一次面。
I have seen her once only. (从出生到现在)我只见过她一次面。
『相似词语辨析【81】hire,rent』
Hire和rent用作动词时,一般都表示“租用”、“租借”的意思,其实这两个词的涵义和使用场合是不同的。hire也可表示“雇用”,而rent则不可。现把hire 和rent分辨如下:
(一)hire可用于人或物,如:
They hired a truck to dispose of the junk.
他们租用一辆货车搬走杂物。
She has hired a domestic helper to do the housework. 她雇用了一名家务助理打理家务。
但rent只可用于物件(尤其建筑物类),如:
The holiday-makers rented a jeep for their journey. 那些度假人士租用一辆吉普车去旅行。
Unable to afford a flat,the newly-weds have to rent a room. 那对新婚夫妇因买不起一套房子而只好租住一个房间。
(二)用于死物时,两个词一般都有特定用法:hire 指较小型工具,如 clothing、skis、fishing tools、musical instruments、computer、machine、rent指房屋(或部分)或较大型工具,如 house、flat、room、auditorium、hall、stall、a computer system、machine。例:
The picnickers hired some warm clothes for a trip up the mountain top. 旅行人为登山顶而租用一些保暖衣服。
The singer rented an auditorium for a concert. 那位歌星租了一所大堂举行演唱会。
(三)指交通工具时(如 car、bicycle、taxi、boat),hire 和rent同时可用,唯一分别是rent比hire指的是较长期的租用,而且较偏重租金方面。
Whe hire a taxi downtown. 我们乘计程汽车入市区。
We rent a car for the long journey. 我们租车作长途旅行。
顺带一提,hire解作“雇用”时与employ同义,但用法稍有不同。hire是一般用法,指普通的雇用,如hire a servant、hire a domestic helper、hire a temporary teacher、hire some substitute staff等。employ是较正式的用语,一般指大公司聘用职员,如 employ a teacher、employ a clerk、employ a manager等。
『相似词语辨析【82】hope,expect』
这两个词的词义和使用场合都有所不同。
(一)hope表示“希望”的意思;expect则是“等待”和“期望”。就词的使用而言,expect比hope是个较正式的用语。
(二)一般说来,hope常出于没有把握、没有根据的个人希望或愿望;expect是出于有把握和根据的期望。
(三)hope可作名词和动词;expect只能用作动词。
下面先看hope的例句:
I hope for a visit from Mr.Lee though I have no word from him. 虽然我没有收到李先生的信,但是我仍然希望他来看我。
The rain has continued for days and it is hoped that it will clear up in the next couple of days. 雨连续下了多天;希望以后数天会转晴。
We hurried to the train station in the hope of meeting our old friend. 我们匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站。希望能见到我们的老友。
在上面第一和第二个句子中,hope是动词;在第三句中,hope是名词。
下面是expect的例句:
I expect a visit from Mr.Zhang since he has written me that he is coming. 张先生写了一封信给我,说他就要来,所以我在等他来。
Torrential rain,squalls and wind were expected and the weather forecast warned that downpours would bring more flooding and landslides.
暴雨和狂风预期还会来。气象预报警告,大雨将会带来更多的大水泛滥及山泥倾泻。
在美国口语里,expect可用以表示“料想”、“以为”之意。例如:
I expect you met him in the meeting yesterday. 我以为你昨日在大会上已碰到他了。
注:在美国,hope之后接that引导的宾语从句,从句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时,它可以代替一般将来时态。例:I hope that I see him there.这里的see等于will see。
『相似词语辨析【83】however,no matter how』
However和no matter how同义,都表示“无论如何”的意思,又都引导让步状语从句,但它们的修辞意味和使用场合有所不同。
However是比较正式的用语,大都用于书面语,口语中较少使用;no matter how则比较口语化,它的语势比however重,故常用在强调的场合。请看下面的例句:
The task must be done,however arduous it may be. 无论多么艰难,这个任务一定要完成。
(试比较一般句:The task must be done though it is arduous.)
I'll take your words,no matter how harsh they may be. 无论语气多么难听,我还是听你的话的。
(试比较一般句:Although your words are harsh,I'll take them.)
However有时可表达“然而”、“可是”之意,出现于句中或句尾。例:
They said that it was so;they were mistaken,however. 他们说事情就是如此,可是他们错了。
与之类似区别的词语很多,例如whatever/no matter what、whenever/no matter when、wherever/no matter where、whichever/no matter which、whoever/no matter who。
『相似词语辨析【84】human,humane』
这两个词都是形容词,由于拼法相近,故易混淆。
Human/'hju: m+n/的意思是“人的”、“人类的”(of man or belonging to man),它是个中性词,能用于褒义场合,如human virtues;human achievement,也能用于贬义场合,如human follies;human vices。例:
This is what we call human touch or human nature. 这就是我们所谓的人情味或人性。
The cruelty of the enemies suggests that they are less thanhuman. 敌人的残暴行为暴露了他们的豺狼本性。
Humane/hju: 'mein/的意思是“仁慈的”、“人道的”(benevolent or humanistic),它是个褒义词。例:
On returning to Japan,the prisoners of war expressed their gratitude for the humane treatment they had received in China.
日本战俘在返国时,对他们在中国所受到的人道待遇表示感激。
What we have done is in full accord with the humane spirit. 我们所做的一切都是完全符合人道精神的。
应当在此指出,在18世纪之前,human和humane 在涵义和用法上并没有区别,往往可以互换使用。例如在莎士比亚的作品里,就出现“human statute”的说法,我们今天都是用 humane。英国诗人 Alexander Pope也写过To err is humane,to forgive divine的诗句,我们今天则说:To err is human。

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『相似词语辨析【85】like going和like to go』
I don't like going there.
I don't like to go there.
某些英语动词的后面既可以接动名词,又可以接不定式,但意思有差异。一般说来,有下列三点区别:
(一)动名词所表示的涵义比不定式所表示的涵义显得“一般”和“概括”。例如:
I don't like going there. 我(平日一向)不喜欢到那儿去。
I don't like to go there. 我(今日或在某一特定的场合下)不想到那儿去。
通过下面的例句,我们可以进一步辨别它们的不同涵义:
I like playing football(in general),but I do not like to play football today(on such a cold day).
(二)动名词表示习惯的或未完成的行为;不定式动词表示具体的或完成的行为。例如:
I like smoking a cigarette before going to bed. 我(平日总是)喜欢在睡觉前抽支烟。
Tonight I like to smoke a cigarette before going to bed. 今天晚上,我想先抽支烟然后去睡觉。
(三)不定式动词所表示的动作主体往往是句子的主语,而动名词所表示的动作主体也可以是其他的人。
例:
I don't like to swim immediately after supper.
I don't like swimming immediately after supper.
第一句 to swim的行为主体是句中的主语I,第二句swimming的行为主体就不一定是I,很可能是其他的人,因此,此句亦可译作“我不喜欢你们(或别人)在吃完晚饭后马上去游水”。
尚需指出一点,当动词like的主语是第二人称而不是第一人称时,其后接动名词,表示“爱好”、“喜欢”的意思,如接不定式,则表示“愿望”、“选择”之意。试比较下面的例句:
De you like smoking a cigarette before going to bed? 你是否喜欢在上床睡觉前抽支烟?
De you like to smoke a cigarette? 你要抽支烟吗?
此外请注意,在动词begin和star之后,用动名词和不定式并无区别可言。如:He began studying English last year和He began to study English last year并没有区别。但当这些动词作进行时态用时,最好用不定式,不用动名词,以避免-ing的重复。如:
It's beginning to rain(不用raining).
He is beginning to study French。(不用studying).
但在动词want之后,用动名词和动词不定式,意义就大不相同。当want表达wish和desire的意义时,其后用不定式;表达need和require意义时,其后用动名词。例:
I don't want(=wish)to see him.(这里的to see不能改作seeing)
The room wants(=needs)cleaning.(这里的 cleaning不能改作to clean)
英美人在谈话中,want(作need或require解),其后可以接被动语态的动词不定式,例如上面的最后一句可以改写为:The room wants/needs to be cleaned.
另一点需要注意的是,有些动词后,只能接动名词,不能接不定式。例如:admit、avoid、enjoy、finish、give up、mind、miss、practise、suggest等。反之,有些动词后只能接不定式,不能接动名词,如:encourage、urge、intend、hope、wish、strive等。请试看以下一些例子:
The shoplifter admitted stealing a box of chocolate from the supermarket.
I avoid going out in bad weather.
You are encouraged to voice your opinion.
The teacher urges the students to study hard.
『相似词语辨析【86】in favour of,in favour with』
这一对片语也不是同义语。
In favour of的意思有三个:“赞成”、“有利于”和“让位”。例:
Are you in favour of this new project? 你是否赞成这个新计划?
The court ruled in favour of the defendant.(也可写在in the defendant's favour) 法庭的裁决对被告有利/判被告胜诉。
The Prime Minister resigned in favour of a better candidate. 首相辞职以让位给更合适的人选。
In favour with的意思是“受到…宠爱”或“得到…好评(或重视)”。例:
The Chief Executive is now in favour with the people. 现在行政首长受到市民的爱戴。
Our plan is not in favour with the authority. 兰局并不重视我们的方案。
这里的相反词为 out of favour。例:The sycophant is out of favour with his boss.
由上列数例可看出,in favour of是表示主动的涵义,即赞成某事或支持某人,对什么有利或让位给谁;in favour with则表示被动的涵义,即受到或得到某人的好评或重视。
『相似词语辨析【87】infectious,contagious』
这一对词都是形容词,又都具有“传染性的”、“传染病的”意义,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。
Infectious disease 是“间接传染的病”,指病菌通过空气、食物、水、衣服、容器等物的传染。例:
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. 肺结核是一种传染病。
It's said that cancer is not infectious. 据说癌症是不会传染的。
Contagious disease 是“直接传染的病”,一般指跟病人直接接触而感染的病。例:
Scarlet fever is a contagious disease. 猩红热是一种传染病。
Measles and aids are highly contagious. 麻疹和艾滋病是很易传染的。
这两个词用作转义时,可以互换使用,它们都表示“感化”、“感染”之意。例如:
The enthusiasm for the pop-singer is contagious.
He stood there like a fool amid the infectious laughter of his friends.
Infectious 的名词是 infection;contagious的名词是contagion。
『相似词语辨析【88】in (the) possession of』
这一对片语都表示“占有”之意,但前者表示主动意义,后者表示被动涵义。为此,前者一般译作“占有”,后者译为“被…占有”或“为…所有”。例:
Who is in possession of this estate? 这是谁的地产?
Our university is now in possession of those buildings. 现在那些楼房是属于我们大学的。
试比较下例:
Those buildings are now in the possession of our university. 现在那些楼房归我们大学所有。
从上例可见,第二和第三个例句意义相同,但表达方式不一样。另一个近似的片语是come into one's possession,其义为“落入某人之手”,如:
That famous painting has come into his possession. 那幅名画已落入他的手。
在英语里,类似区别的片语尚有 in charge of和 in the charge of;前者表示“管理…”,后者表示“在…管理之下”。例:
The supervisor is in charge of the whole team. 那主管负责管理全组工作人员。
The workers are in the charge of the foreman. 工人由工头管理。
『相似词语辨析【89】in/on/to the south』
in the south,on the south,to the south 这三个片语的意义各不相同。
In the south的意思是“在南部”,指在某地区之内。例:
This plant grows in the south of Africa. 这种植物生长在非洲的南部。
Guangzhou is in the south of China. 广州在中国的南部。
On the south的意思是“在南边”、“与南边接近”。例:
Bolivia is bounded on the north and east by Brazil,on the south by Argentina and Paraguay,and on the west by Peru and Chile.
玻利维亚的北边和东边与巴西接壤,南边与阿根廷和巴拉圭接壤,西边与秘鲁和智利接壤。
从例句可见,介词on可以表达“与…接壤”和“沿…”的意义。下面两例可以进一步说明on的使用场合:
Have you read George Eliot's“The Mill on the Floss”? 你看过乔治•艾略特的“弗洛斯河上的磨坊”吗?
I have been to many countries on the Pacific. 我到过许多太平洋沿岸的国家。
To the south的意思是“在南面”、“向南面”,指在某地区之外。例:
The garden lies to the south of the house. 花园是在房子的南面。
Kowloon is less than an hour's dirve to the south of Shenzhen. 九龙在深圳南面不足一小时车程之远。
The magnetic needle points to the south. 磁针指向南面。
通过上列例句的比较,我们可以举一反三,联想到in,on和to the east(west,north)的差异和意义了。
顺便在此指出,south和southern的比较级是more southern。最高级是 southmost和southernmost;north和northern亦然。值得注意的是,east和west有所不同。它们的原级是 east(eastern),west(western),比较级是more eastern和more western,最高级只有一种形式,即easternmost和westernmost,不能写作eastmost和westrmost。

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『相似词语辨析【90】into,in to』
这一对词很易混淆。
Into是介词,它引导介词片语,在句中用作状语,表示“进入…之中”或“变成”之意。例:
He fell into the pond. 他跌到池塘里去了。
The explorers get into difficulties. 探险人员陷入困境。
The boss flew into a temper. 老板发脾气了。
The conjurer changed a handkerchief into a loaf of bread. 魔术师把手帕变成一块面包。
The rain changed into snow. 雨变成雪了。
In to的 in是副词,同样有“进入”的意思,但 to 是介词或不定式的标记;作介词时,其后跟名词,作不定式标记时,其后跟动词原形。例:
Let's go in to look at the book show. 让我们进去看看书展。
比较 Les's go into the hall to see the exhibition.意思都是“进入”,但into为复合介词。
Entries for the competition should be sent in to the editorial board before January 19th.
参加竞赛的人要将名字在一月十九日前送到编辑部。 (这里不能改用into)
需要注意的是,在某些场合下,into可以和in互换使用,但涵义不同。例:
Please put it into my pocket.
Please put it in my pocket.
第一句用into,它强调“放入”的动作;第二句用in,它只说明一件事(即动作的结果位置),没有强调说明某一事物从某个地点转至另一地点这一动作的过程。因此,在下句中,into不能改作in:
They are swimming from the English Channel into the North Sea. 他们正从英吉利海峡游入北海。
在下列中,in to亦不可改作into:
The news came in to us.
They went in to supper.
由以上各例句可见:into作为复合介词时,与其后的名词构成一词组,如 into the North Sea、into my pocket。而 in to的 in是副词,与前面的动词搭配,如 came in、went in、sent in、go in等。
『相似词语辨析【91】instructive,instructional』
这两个词都是形容词,都具有“教育的”意思,但涵义并不相同。
Instructive的意思是“富有教育意义的”(giving or containing instrution),此外,尚可表示“有益的”、“增益智慧”之意。例:
“The Brave Filipino Maid-Maria”is an instructive article. “勇敢的菲佣—玛丽亚”是一篇富有教育意义的文章。
Prof.Zhang gave an instructive lecture at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University yesterday.张教授昨天在香港理工大学作了一个与人教益的演讲。
Instructional的意思是“教育的”或“属于教育的”,其意相当于 educational。例:
English-A Modern Course is an instructional book. 《英语—现代教程》是一本教科书。
This is an instructional film. 这是一部教育电影。
『相似词语辨析【92】invaluable,valueless』
这一对形容词都是来自名词value。一个是在形容词valuable(有价值的)之前加上否定形容词前缀in-;另一个是在名词value(价值)的后面加上否定形容词后缀-less。虽然它们都是加上否定的形容词词缀,意义刚好相反。
Invaluable的意思是“非常贵重的”,(highly valuable,precious),其同义词是priceless。例:
Your services are invaluable to us. 你对我们的帮助是极其宝贵的。
This jade bracelet is really an invaluable to article. 这件玉镯确实是非常贵重的物品。
Valueless的意思是“毫无价值的”,其同义词是worthless。例:
That book is valueless. 那本书毫无价值可言。
现将这两个字用在一个句中,以便区别:
The book that he considered valueless proved invaluable to us. 他认为毫无价值的那本书对我们说来却是无价之宝。
请注意,costly和invaluable的内涵并不一样,前者是“某物因精美或珍奇而昂贵”,后者则指“价值大得无法以金钱衡量。”
『相似词语辨析【93】join,join in,join to』
Join的基本词义是“加入某个党派或社会团体,从而成为该党派或团体的一员”。例:
When did they join the conservation organization? 他们是什么时候参加环保组织的?
The prodigy joined the International Association of Poets,
Playwrights,Editors,Essayists and Novelists(PEN)when he was only fourteen years old.
这位天才在十四岁时便成为国际笔会会员。
Join in的意思是“参加某项运动或活动”,例如参加讨论、游行、罢工等。例:
More than ten thousand workers have joined in this strike. 有一万多名工人参加了此次罢工。
All of us will join in the celebration of the victory of World War Ⅱ. 我们全都参加这次庆祝世界二次大战胜利的活动。
There were many extracurricular activities,but Peter never joined in. 尽管有很多课外活动,但彼德从不参加。
Join to的意思是“和…接触”、“与…相连”。例:
Our house is joined to Mr.So's. 我们的房子和苏先生的房子相连。
请注意,join之后如接 oneself再加to,就表示“参加”、“加入”的意思。如:
To my surprise,Mr.Li joined himself to the opposite party last month. 令我惊奇的是,上个月李先生竟然参加了反对党。
『相似词语辨析【94】last,latest』
这两个词都是late的最高级。用作形容词时,last 在意义上和latest有点相近,实际上,它们的涵义和使用场合是不一样的。
Last指连续顺序中的最后一个,一般译作“最后的”,有时译为“上一次的”或“过去的”。last的对语是first。例:
The last time I saw them was in Paris last year. 我最后一次看见他们是去年在巴黎。
The last letter of the alphabet is Z. 字母表的最后一个字母是Z。
I don't know whether you have received my last letter or not. 我不知道你是否已收到我上一封信。
Latest表示时间上的“最近”,一般译作“最近的”、“最新的”或“最晚的”。latest的对语是earliest。例:
The latest news about the Mideast is the beginning of another round of peace-talks. 关于中东的最新消息是另一回和谈已展开。
What is the latest fashion in town? 城中的最新时尚是什么?
This is his latest novel;we hope it is not his last. 这是他最新的著作,我们希望这不是他的最后一部。
请注意,last year、last month、last week、last night都是时间状语,它们的前面无需使用介词,但last century却是例外,我们必须说in the last century或 during the last century。介词in和during不能省略。
试比较下列两句:
A fire broke out last night.
This fountain pen was used in the last century.
Last的片语颇多,现举数语,以见一斑:
the last days 死期;世界末日
on one's last legs 黔驴技穷;强弩之末
the last word 定论;遗言
the last straw 最终难忍或导致垮台的因素
the last resort 最后一招
『相似词语辨析【95】later,latter』
这两个字仅差一字之微,词义和使用场合却大相径庭,读音也不一样。
Later/'leit+/是形容词late的比较形式,它指时间的先后而言,义:“较后的”、“较新的”,它能作形容词,也能作副词。例:
Is it later than eleven? 现在已过了十一点吗?
This dictionary is a later edition. 这本字典的版本是比较新的。
Mr.Liang came later than we had expected. 梁先生来得比我们预期的要晚些。
We'll come to see you again later. 我们以后再来看你。
Latter/'l$t+/指事物的先后而言,表示“后者”之意,只能作形容词,不能作副词。例:
The latter half of his essay contains penetrating observations. 他的论文后半部有精辟的看法。
The former is a Hong Kong Island street map and the latter is a Kowloon street map. 前者是一册香港街道图;后者是九龙街道图。
请注意,latter只能用于指两样事物的场合,如指三样或三样以上的东西,应该用 last去指代最后的事物,不能用latter.
Latter的副词是latterly,但此字罕用,一般用lately 或recently代替。latter-day(近代的;现代的)以及his latter end(他的死亡)都是陈旧的用语,现已很少使用。

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