您还没有绑定微信,更多功能请点击绑定

HISTORY AND ORIGINS OF ISO9000 ISO9000的历史渊源

Very few individuals -- including, in my experience, the ISO administrators in Geneva and at the national body levels (ANSI here in the U.S.) -- know the origins of ISO 9000. The following excerpt from Chapter 17 of Optimizing Quality in Electronics Assembly: A Heretical Approach that I co-authored with Frank B. Whitehall of Edinburgh, Scotland may be of some help with the historical aspect:
根据我的经验,没有几个人——包括日内瓦的ISO官员以及各国ISO官员,知道ISO9000的渊源。以下内容摘自我与苏格兰Edinburgh 的Frank B. Whitehall合著的《电子装配中的质量优化:奇异方法》第17章,能有所帮助。
"The origins of ISO 9000 lie in British defence procurement, which likely explains the inspection-oriented nature of the system.
ISO9000的起源存放在英国国防档案里,它可能解释该体系以检查为目的的原因。
In 1968, the British Ministry of Technology the government body that, at the time, handled defence materiel specifications and procurement produced one of the most innovative quality system specifications in modern military standards history. Known as AvP92, it purported to cover the entire spectrum of the contractor's operation from design to delivery.
1968年,那时负责处理国防军备规范和采购的政府机构英国技术部制定出了在现代军用标准历史上最具创新的质量管理规范。称为AvP92,其目的是涵盖承包商所有的活动,从设计到交货。
Particularly with respect to design quality, it has never been surpassed. Although it turned out to be relatively short-lived, AvP92 set the precedent for evaluating suppliers by quality management processes as well as actual product.
特别是在设计质量方面,从来没被超越过。尽管有点短命,但AvP92开创了通过质量管理过程以及实际产品来评估供应商的先河。
AvP92 was replaced in 1973 by the DEF STAN 05/20 series issued by the department now known as the Ministry of Defence (MoD). DEF STAN 05/21 covered the design, production and service of hardware functions. This new standard was broadly equivalent to the 1969 NATO quality management specifications known as AQAP. For reasons unknown today, the United States (which, as the most influential NATO member at the time, undoubtedly exercised considerable influence over the AQAP contents) never invoked AQAP specifications for American defense contractors. MIL-Q-9858 (later MIL-Q- 9858A) was introduced in its place. The conflict in standards between NATO and the U.S. Department of Defense caused considerable resentment among European defense contractors who found themselves required to follow several divergent sets of standards.
1973年AvP92被技术部(现在称之为国防部)颁布的DEF STAN 05/20系列替代,DEF STAN 05/21包括了设计、硬件性能的生产和服务。这个新标准大致与1969年NATO质量管理规范(称之为AQAP)相当。到今天也不知道是什么原因,美国(作为当时NATO最有影响力的成员,对AQAP的内容具有无容置疑的影响力)却从来没有对美国军品承包商实施AQAP规范,而实行的是MIL-Q-9858 (就是后来的 MIL-Q- 9858A)。NATO和美国国防部标准之间的冲突导致欧洲军品承包商的强烈愤慨,他们发现他们需要遵循几套毫不相干的几套标准。
The ultimate consequence of the DoD decision, however, was that American industry would be caught unprepared when Western Europe chose to harmonize on quality management standards strongly related to the NATO and MoD requirements.
但是,当西欧选择协调质量管理标准(与NATO和英国国防部要求密切相关)的时候,美国国防部的最终决定的后果是让美国工业措手不及。
In 1979, the British Standards Institution (BSI) issued a standard (BS 5750) for quality management procedures. Under BS 5750, much like under AvP92 and AQAP, supplier quality would be judged not just by the dependability of the product (or, eventually, service) but also by its official quality assurance systems, the formal documentation of those systems and the correlation between documented procedures and actual practices.
1979年,英国标准协会(BSI)颁布了一个针对质量管理程序的标准(BS 5750)。BS 5750规定,与AvP92 and AQAP很相像,判定供应商的质量不仅靠产品(或者,最终是,服务)的可靠性,而且也靠官方质量保证体系——这些体系以及形成文件的程序和实际运行之间相关性的正式文件。
The reasoning behind the new standard was still apparent in the Introduction to the 1987 version of BS 5750: "Most organizations industrial, commercial or governmental produce a product or service intended to satisfy a user's needs or requirements. Such requirements are often incorporated in 'specifications'. However, technical specifications may not in themselves guarantee that a customer's requirements will be consistently met, if there happen to be any deficiencies in the specifications or in the organizational system to design and produce the product or service.
在BS 5750引入1987版本中,新标准背后的逻辑依然很明显。大多数组织(工业的,商业的,或者是政府的)生产产品或服务以满足用户的需求或要求。这些要求通常包含在规范之中。但是,如果,碰巧在规范中或在设计和生产生产或服务的组织中有任何缺陷,那么技术规范本身就不可能保证满足消费者的要求。
Consequently, this has led to the development of quality system standards and guidelines that complement relevant product or service requirements given in the technical specifications. The series of International Standards (ISO 9000 to ISO 9004 inclusive) embodies a rationalization of the many and various national approaches in this sphere."
其结果是导致在技术规范中的相关产品或服务要求进行补充的质量管理标准和指南的发展。国际标准系列(包括ISO9000到ISO9004)具体体现了该领域许多不同国家方法的合理成分。
Although this rationale contains serious logical and operational flaws that will be discussed in Chapter 17, it does provide clear insight into the original reason for development of an international quality management standard.
尽管该基本原理包含有严重的逻辑和操作性瑕疵,但它确实提供了清晰了解国际质量管理标准的发展的起初动机方面的知识。
BS 5750 was initially seen as a toothless curiosity by the defense contracting community where rigorous adherence to customer-mandated processes and record-keeping was as important as actual product performance in satisfying contracts. However, defense contractors are often owned by general-purpose conglomerates which also have substantial holdings in civilian industry. To those conglomerates, even a diluted military approach to quality management was better than none at all. Combined with urging by the British government to support the scheme, United Kingdom companies saw real incentive to participate in BS 5750.
BS 5750标准将严格执行顾客控制过程以及保持记录视为与满足合同要求的实际产品绩效同等重要,起初被军品承包商们视为是无聊的好奇心。但是,通常军品承包商被在民用行业也拥有大量的股份的通用集团所拥有。对这些通用集团来说,致使一个中看不中用的质量管理方法也比什么都没有要好。加上英国政府敦促支持该计划,英国公司看到了执行BS 5750标准的真实动机。
BS 5750 began as a self-regulatory system. Customers would issue contracts requiring compliance with BS 5750 provisions and suppliers were expected to honor those requirements. Thus, suppliers followed the guidelines set out by the BSI and judged whether they were in compliance.
BS 5750开始时是自我约束的体系。顾客提出符合BS 5750标准条款的合同要求,希望供应商遵循这些要求。这样,供应商遵循BSI颁布的指南,并判定是否符合BS 5750标准。
Customers could inspect vendor operations to assure the accuracy of vendors' self assessments but no formal regulatory body existed. At the same time, BSI offered a third party assessment service for use where suppliers or customers wanted an "official" certificate.
顾客可以检查销售商经营活动,以保证销售商自我评价的准确性,但没有正式的管理机构。与此同时,BSI提供了第三方评价服务,用于供应商或顾客想要“官方的”证明。
Inevitably, some companies graded themselves as BS 5750 compliant even though their actual procedures violated significant requirements. This caused customers seeking BS 5750-compliant suppliers to conduct audits of each new supplier. Some of those major corporate customers reaudited suppliers at regular intervals. Customers who emphasized supplier process more than product dependability began urging establishment of a national body to carry out audits and issue approvals.
不可避免,即使实际违反了标准大部分要求,某些公司也声称执行BS 5750标准。这导致寻求执行BS 5750标准供应商的顾客对每个新供应商进行审核。有些主要的企业顾客定期进行复审。强调供应商过程比产品更重要的顾客们开始要求建立国家机构执行审核并颁布证书。
In 1984, the British government's Department of Trade and Industry gave BSI authority to regulate certification companies through a subsidiary organization called the National Accreditation Council for Certification Bodies (NACCB). Though the NACCB now part of the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) in itself did not prevent self-assessment, its creation in reality marked the demise of the two-party (i.e., customer and supplier) certification system.
1984年,英国工商部授权BSI通过称为国家认证认可委员会(NACCB)的事业单位管理认证公司。尽管NACCB(现在是英国皇家认可委员会的一部分)自身并不阻止自我评价,但它的诞生标志着两方(即顾客和供应商)认证体系的结束。
The transition resulted from wording of BS 5750: Part 0: Section 0.1: 1987. "Assessments of a supplier's quality system are utilized prior to a contract to determine the supplier's ability to satisfy the requirements of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 or ISO 9003 and, when appropriate, supplementary requirements. In many cases, assessments are performed directly by the purchaser. By agreement between purchaser and supplier, pre-contract assessment may be delegated to an organization independent of both contracting parties. The number or the extent of assessments can be minimized by using ISO 9001, ISO 9002 or ISO 9003 and by recognizing previous assessments carried out in accordance with these International Standards by the purchaser or by an agreed independent assessing organization."
这种转变体现在1987年BS 5750标准第0章第0.1节的措词中:“在签订合同前,利用评价供应商质量体系,以确定供应商满足ISO9001,ISO9002或ISO9003要求以及,适用时,补充要求的能力。大多数情况下,采购方直接进行评价。采购方和供方同意的情况下,合同前评价也可由指派的独立与合同当事人的组织进行。使用ISO9001,ISO9002或ISO9003标准以及通过识别以往采购方或购销双方同意的独立评价组织进行的符合性评价可以减少评价的次数或程度”。
The "agreed independent assessing organization(s)" were for-hire certification companies that sold their services to both customers and suppliers. Customers who lacked sufficient staff to audit suppliers could enlist these independent auditing bodies. Obversely, suppliers seeking accreditation carrying more weight than their own claims of compliance could also retain the same auditing bodies to vouch for their systems.
这里“购销双方同意的独立评价组织”是出租证书的公司,它们为购销双方提供服务。那些缺乏足够供应商审核人员的采购方可以利用这些独立审核机构。很明显,认可比自我声称符合标准分量更重,供应商也雇用同样的审核公司来担保它们的体系。
The appeal of third party certification to customers was very great. Rather than bearing the burden of auditing suppliers, the customers could pass along the costs to suppliers. Some suppliers also welcomed the shift in emphasis to third party certification since that certification greatly reduced the time spent in their facilities by various customer representatives. But for those companies that had not been subjected to frequent customer audits, the cost of BS 5750 compliance rose significantly as it became necessary to pay for third party auditing. Moreover, the potential for abuse by the certification bodies was enormous and not all such organizations resisted the temptation to squeeze payments from supplier companies in exchange for certification.
呼吁第三方认证的顾客数量众多。顾客可以把认证费用转嫁给供应商,而不必负担审核供应商的费用。由于不同顾客代表来公司认证所花费的时间剧减,因此很多供应商也对强调第三方认证的转变拍手称快。但对于那些不受顾客频繁审核所困扰的公司来说,(声称)BS 5750符合的成本剧增,因为必须支付给第三方审核费用。此外,可能被滥用的认证公司数量庞大,并不是所有这样的组织能抗拒迫使供应商付款换证的诱惑。
BSI's close ties to ISO ensured that BS 5750 came to the attention of the international standards body. At the same time, movement towards uniformity of industrial and social standards throughout the European Community ensured that leaders of other European countries found BS 5750 highly attractive. In 1987, a quality management format identical to BS5750 was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization under the designation ISO 9000.
BSI与ISO联系紧密,确保BS 5750标准吸引国际标准组织的注意。与此同时,在整个欧共体工业和社会标准统一化浪潮确保了欧洲其它国家的领导人发现BS 5750标准很引人注意。在1987年,一个与BS 5750标准相同的质量管理格式被国家标准化组织接受,命名为ISO 9000.
ISO 9000 was strongly promoted by most governments in the European Community. (Germany was the most resistant but eventually enlisted as well.). That was not the case in the U.S., where federal interest was focused on the newly-created (and government-run) Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Consequently, for its first five years of existence, ISO9000 was almost exclusively a European standard generically known as EN29000 although each country tended to have its own national designation (as, for example, the U.K. which retained the BS 5750 label). Only in recent years have national designations been largely replaced by reference to the EN series."
ISO 9000得到了欧共体大多数国家的大力提倡(起初德国是最抵触的国家,但后来也采用了)。而在美国则是另外一个情形,联邦政府关注于新产生的(也是政府经营的)马尔科姆鲍德里奇国家质量奖。相反,在起初的五年,ISO 9000几乎是欧洲专用的标准,通常称为EN 29000,尽管每个国家趋向于拥有自己的国家命名(例如,英国就保留BS 5750的名称)。只是近些年,大多数国家才参照EN系列标准替代本国的标准命名。
(Optimizing Quality in Electronics Assembly: A Heretical Approach by James Allen Smith and Frank B. Whitehall; copyright 1997, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing)
摘自《电子装配中的质量优化:奇异方法》

Regarding the relationship between ISO 9000 and quality, Whitehall and I spent several hundred pages explaining the limited ability of ISO9000 (or, for that matter, QS 9000) to improve quality.
关于ISO 9000与质量的关系,我和Whitehall(在书里)用几百页来解释ISO 9000(或者,就此问题而言,QS 9000)在改进质量方面的局限性
The first part of the exercise required development of what Deming would call an "operational" definition of quality. (Or, more accurately, the first part of the exercise required defining the meaning of an "operational definition" before we could even work on development of that definition.)
(质量管理)实践的第一部分需要制定戴明称之为质量”业务的“定义。(或者更准确地说,在我们甚至影响该定义的制定前,实践的第一部分需要明确”业务定义“的含义)。
Since this is not a topic that lends itself to concise presentation, forgive me if I say only that the current ASQC approach to quality -- i.e., quality is what the customer says it is, not what the providing entity says it is -- does not meet the requirements laid out by Deming for an operational definition. Once the real, objective meaning of quality is specified, the arguments favouring ISO9000 and QS 9000 collapse (except the obvious supporting factor that many unenlightened companies impose ISO/QS certification as a supplier requirement).
由于这不是个简单能够说明的主题,请原谅如果我只是说现在的ASQC【美国质量控制学会——jelly】质量方法(即质量是顾客说了算,而不是提供的实物说了算)不能满足戴明对业务定义的要求。一旦明确了真实而客观的质量含义,关于ISO 9000和QS 9000那个更好的争论就偃旗息鼓了(除非有明显的支持性证据表明很多无知的公司把ISO/QS认证作为供应商要求)

Jim Allen Smith

0 个评论

游客无法查看评论和回复, 请先登录注册

推荐文章

文章状态

  • 发布时间: 2009-05-06 08:21
  • 浏览: 3247
  • 评论: 0
  • 赞: 0